Flashcards: Human female endocrine system

The corpus albicans (Latin for "whitening body"; also known as atretic corpus luteum, corpus candicans, or simply as albicans) is the regressed form of the corpus luteum.

Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species.

Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.

Oxytocin (Oxt) is a hormone, neuropeptide, and medication.

Menarche (/mᵻˈnɑːrkiː/ mə-NAR-kee; Greek: μήν mēn "month" + ἀρχή arkhē "beginning") is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans.

The egg cell, or ovum, is the female reproductive cell (gamete) in oogamous organisms.

The hypothalamus (from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.

Areolar glands or Glands of Montgomery are sebaceous glands in the areola surrounding the nipple.

A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring.

Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin, is a protein that in humans is best known for its role in enabling mammals, usually females, to produce milk.

Lactiferous ducts form a tree branched system connecting the lobules of the mammary gland to the tip of the nipple.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation.

The placenta (also known as afterbirth) is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, provide thermo-regulation to the fetus, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply, fight against internal infection and produce hormones to support pregnancy.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone.

Ovulation is the release of egg from the ovaries.

Relaxin is a protein hormone of about 6000 Da first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw.

Estradiol (abbreviated as E2), or 17β-estradiol, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol, is a steroid and estrogen sex hormone, and the primary female sex hormone.

Oogenesis, ovogenesis, or oögenesis /ˌoʊ.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a set of symptoms due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in women.

The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body"; plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries that is involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estradiol and inhibin A.

The arcuate nucleus (or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence.

Relaxin family peptide hormones in humans are represented by 7 members: three relaxin-like (RLN) and four insulin-like (INSL) peptides.

Puberty is described as delayed puberty with exceptions when an organism has passed the usual age of onset of puberty with no physical or hormonal signs that it is beginning.

Bifluranol (INN, BAN) (brand name Prostarex) (former developmental code name BX-341) is an non-steroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol that is used as an antiandrogen in the United Kingdom in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Prolactin cell (also known as epsilon acidophil, lactotrope, lactotropic cell, lactotroph, mammatroph, mammotroph) is a cell in the anterior pituitary which produces prolactin in response to hormonal signals including dopamine which is inhibitory and thyrotropin-releasing hormone which is stimulatory.

In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.

Dopamine (contracted from 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.

Estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS), or estrogen resistance, is a form of congenital estrogen deficiency caused by a defective estrogen receptor (ER), specifically ERα.

Premature ovarian failure (POF), also known as premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), or primary ovarian insufficiency is the loss of function of the ovaries before age 40.

Premature thelarche is a rare medical condition that is characterized by isolated breast development (thelarche being the onset of breast development) at a very early age with no other signs of sexual maturation.

Syncytiotrophoblast (from the Greek 'syn'- "together"; 'cytio'- "of cells"; 'tropho'- "nutrition"; 'blast'- "bud") is the epithelial covering of the highly vascular embryonic placental villi, which invades the wall of the uterus to establish nutrient circulation between the embryo and the mother.

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside and on cells.

Menotropin (also called human menopausal gonadotropin or hMG) is a hormonally active medication for the treatment of fertility disturbances.

Cloxestradiol acetate (brand name Genovul), also known as 17-(2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)estradiol O,O-diacetate, is a synthetic, steroidal estrogen derived from estradiol.

Androstenedione may refer to: * 4-Androstenedione (androst-4-ene-3,17-dione) – an endogenous weak androgen and estrogen and intermediate to/prohormone of testosterone * 5-Androstenedione (androst-5-ene-3,17-dione) – a prohormone of testosterone and hence an androgenic-anabolic steroid * 1-Androstenedione (5α-androst-1-ene-3,17-dione) – a prohormone of 1-testosterone (Δ1-DHT) and hence an androgenic-anabolic steroid

Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.

Urofollitropin is a purified form of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) that is manufactured by extraction from human urine and then purified to remove various proteins and other substances.

Magnocellular neurosecretory cells are large neuroendocrine cells within the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH) to produce androstenedione, which via a few steps, gives the granulosa the precursor for estrogen manufacturing.

Gonadotropic cells are endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that produce the gonadotropins, such as the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

The ERRs are orphan nuclear receptors, meaning the identity of their endogenous ligand has yet to be unambiguously determined.

Human placental lactogen (hPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), is a polypeptide placental hormone, the human form of placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin).

Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects.

Salpingitis isthmica nodosa, also known as diverticulosis of the Fallopian tube, is nodular thickening of the narrow part of the uterine tube, due to inflammation.