Heart Failure
Decreased cardiac output
Ejection Fraction
Percentage of blood in heart that is ejected with systole
Heart failure PERSERVED ejection fraction (HFpEF)
EF ≥50%
Heart Failure REDUCED ejection fraction (HFrEF)
EF less than 40%
3 features of fetal circulation
1. Ductus venosus 2.Foramen ovale 3. Ductus arteriosus
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen
Ischemia
Lack of blood flow
Pulse pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic BP
Prinzmetal (variant) angina
Coronary arteries seize during REM sleep
Atherosclerosis
Plaque build up in arteries (subtype of arteriosclerosis), inflammatory disease
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening or hardening of the arteries
Laminar Blood Flow
Uninterrupted, parallel blood flow
Eisenmenger syndrome
Blood flow changes result in deoxygenated blood entering systemic circulation. Symptoms- cyanosis, polycythemia and clubbed fingers
Stored cellular energy
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Shock
State of very low BP and flow resulting in syncope, inadequate organ perfusion, and possibly death
Types of distributive shock (vasodilation)
1. anaphylaxis 2. septic 3. neurogenic
Vascular changes in older adults
1. Endothelial dysfunction- inflammaging 2. Systolic HTN- vascular stiffness (arteriosclerosis), production of vasoconstrictors> vasodilators 3. More aneurysms (elastin replaces collagen) 4. More vein disorders
Venous Ulcers
Open sore caused by tissue breakdown d/t fluid accumulation secondary to poor venous return