Flashcards: Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action

Selank (Russian: Cеланк) is a nootropic, anxiolytic peptide based drug developed by the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Pomalidomide (INN, codenamed CC-4047, also known as 3-amino-thalidomide, trade name Pomalyst in the U.S. and Imnovid in EU and Russia) is a derivative of thalidomide marketed by Celgene.

Bromantane (brand name Ladasten, also known in Russia as adamantylbromphenylamine) is an atypical psychostimulant and anxiolytic drug of the adamantane family that is used in Russia in the treatment of neurasthenia.

Semax is a drug produced and prescribed mostly in Russia and Ukraine for a broad range of conditions but predominantly for its purported nootropic, neuroprotective, and neurogenic/neurorestorative properties.

A general anaesthetic (or anesthetic, see spelling differences) is a drug that can bring about a reversible loss of consciousness.

Budipine (brand name Parkinsan) is an antiparkinson agent marketed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Metformin, marketed under the tradename Glucophage among others, is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Anagrelide (Agrylin/Xagrid, Shire and Thromboreductin, AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG) is a drug used for the treatment of essential thrombocytosis (ET; essential thrombocythemia), or overproduction of blood platelets.

Modafinil (INN, USAN, BAN, JAN) is a wakefulness-promoting agent (or eugeroic) used for treatment of disorders such as narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea.

Glatiramer acetate (also known as Copolymer 1, Cop-1, or Copaxone - as marketed by Teva Pharmaceuticals) is an immunomodulator drug currently used to treat multiple sclerosis.

Lithium compounds, also known as lithium salts, are primarily used as a psychiatric medication.

Thalidomide sold under the brand names Immunoprin, among others, is an immunomodulatory drug and the prototype of the thalidomide class of drugs.

Metamizole (Methyl, Amino und Pyrazol, INN), or dipyrone (BAN, USAN), is an ampyrone sulfonate analgesic (pain reliever), antispasmodic (spasm reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer).

Tianeptine (brand names Stablon, Coaxil, Tatinol, Tianeurax and Salymbra) is a drug used primarily in the treatment of major depressive disorder, although it may also be used to treat asthma or irritable bowel syndrome.

Lenalidomide (trade name Revlimid) is a derivative of thalidomide introduced in 2004.

Mebicar (mebicarum) is an anxiolytic medication produced by Latvian pharmaceutical company Olainfarm and sold in Latvia and Russia under the brand name Adaptol.

Nefopam (brand names: Acupan, Silentan, Nefadol and Ajan) is a centrally-acting non-opioid analgesic drug of the benzoxazocine chemical class which was developed by Riker Laboratories in the 1960s.

Pivagabine (INN; brand name Tonerg), also known as N-pivaloyl-γ-aminobutyric acid or N-pivaloyl-GABA, is an antidepressant and anxiolytic drug which was introduced in Italy in 1997 for the treatment of depressive and maladaptive syndromes.

Losigamone (INN) is an investigational drug for the treatment of epilepsy.

Metaxalone (marketed by King Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Skelaxin) is a muscle relaxant used to relax muscles and relieve pain caused by strains, sprains, and other musculoskeletal conditions.

Amixetrine (INN) (brand name Somagest; developmental code name CERM-898) is a drug that was formerly marketed in France but is now no longer sold.

Ex-Rad (or Ex-RAD), also known by the code name ON 01210.

Fengabine (SL-79,229) is a drug which was investigated as an antidepressant but was never marketed.

Fenyramidol (INN) or phenyramidol (BAN, USAN), trade name Cabral, is a pharmaceutical drug which acts as a muscle relaxant.

Fenpentadiol (INN) (brand names Tredum, Trefenum; developmental code name Rd-292), also known as phenpentanediol, is a drug described as a tranquilizer and antidepressant that was formerly marketed in Europe.

Fluorenol is an alcohol derivative of fluorene.

Fabomotizole (INN) (brand name Afobazole) is an anxiolytic drug launched in Russia in the early 2000s.

CRL-40,940 (also known as flmodafinil, bisfluoromodafinil and lauflumide) is a selective dopaminergic reuptake inhibitor, and is the bisfluoro analog of the wakefulness-promoting agent (or eugeroic) modafinil and has been sold online as a designer drug.

Demeclocycline (INN, BAN) (brand names Declomycin, Declostatin, Ledermycin, Bioterciclin, Deganol, Deteclo), also known as demeclocycline hydrochloride (USAN) (brand names Detravis, Meciclin, Mexocine, Clortetrin), is a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic which was derived from a strain of Streptomyces aureofaciens.

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a steroidal progestin of the 17α-hydroxyprogesterone group and a synthetic derivative of the progestational steroid hormone progesterone.

Methocarbamol is a central muscle relaxant used to treat skeletal muscle spasms.

Riluzole (Rilutek, Teglutik) is a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Ergoloid mesylates (USAN), co-dergocrine mesilate (BAN) or dihydroergotoxine mesylate, trade name Hydergine, is a mixture of the methanesulfonate salts of three dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids (dihydroergocristine, dihydroergocornine, and alpha- and beta-dihydroergocryptine).

Armodafinil (trade name Nuvigil) is the enantiopure of the wakefulness-promoting agent, or eugeroic, modafinil (Provigil).

Cyclobenzaprine, sold under the brand name Flexeril among others, is a muscle relaxer medication used to relieve skeletal muscle spasms and associated pain in acute musculoskeletal conditions.

Olesoxime (TRO19622) is an experimental neuroprotective drug.

Promoxolane (Dimethylane) is a centrally acting muscle relaxant and anxiolytic drug.

NSI-189 is an experimental, novel potential antidepressant that is under investigation by Neuralstem, Inc.

Hydroxynorketamine (HNK), or 6-hydroxynorketamine, is a metabolite of ketamine which is formed by hydroxylation of its metabolite norketamine.

Indapyrophenidone is a synthetic drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug.

Adrafinil (INN) (brand name Olmifon) is a discontinued wakefulness-promoting agent (or eugeroic) that was formerly used in France to promote vigilance (alertness), attention, wakefulness, mood, and other parameters, particularly in the elderly.

Mephenoxalone (trade names Dorsiflex, Moderamin, Control-OM) is a muscle relaxant and mild anxiolytic.

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen or APAP, is a medication used to treat pain and fever.

Megestrol acetate (MGA) (INN, USAN, BAN, JAN) (brand names Megace, Megace ES), also known as 17α-acetoxy-6-dehydro-6-methylprogesterone, is a steroidal progestin of the 17α-hydroxyprogesterone group that is used in the treatment of breast and endometrial cancer and as an appetite stimulant.

Phenazopyridine is a chemical which, when excreted into the urine, has a local analgesic effect.

Mephenesin is a centrally acting muscle relaxant.

Nemifitide (INN-00835) is a novel antidepressant drug with a pentapeptide structure similar to that of melanocyte-inhibiting factor (MIF-1) and the amino acid sequence 4-F-Phe-4-OH-Pro-Arg-Gly-Trp-NH2.

Acamprosate, sold under the brand name Campral, is a medication used along with counselling in the treatment of alcohol dependence.

Guaifenesin INN /ɡwaɪˈfɛnᵻsɪn/ or guaiphenesin (former BAN), also glyceryl guaiacolate, is an expectorant drug sold over the counter and usually taken orally to assist the bringing up (expectoration) of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections.

Eperisone (formulated as the eperisone hydrochloride salt) is an antispasmodic drug.

Diisopromine or disoprominum, usually as the hydrochloride salt, is a synthetic spasmolytic which neutralizes spastic conditions of the biliary tract and of the sphincter of Oddi.

Lobenzarit (INN) is a drug used in the treatment of arthritis.

CRL-40,941 (also known as fladrafinil and fluorafinil) is a wakefulness-promoting agent closely related to adrafinil and modafinil.

Chlorphenesin carbamate (Maolate, Musil) is a centrally acting muscle relaxant used to treat muscle pain and spasms.