Flashcards: Disorders causing seizures

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a neuropathological condition with severe neuronal cell loss and gliosis in the hippocampus, specifically in the CA-1 (Cornu Ammonis area 1) and subiculum of the hippocampus.

Eclampsia is the onset of seizures (convulsions) in a woman with pre-eclampsia.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii.

Tuberous sclerosis is a rare multisystem genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, liver, eyes, lungs, and skin.

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), also known as non-epileptic attack disorders (NEAD), are events resembling an epileptic seizure, but without the characteristic electrical discharges associated with epilepsy.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe intellectual and developmental disability, sleep disturbance, seizures, jerky movements (especially hand-flapping), frequent laughter or smiling, and usually a happy demeanor.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones.

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar (also spelled hyperglycaemia or hyperglycæmia) is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma.

Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal levels.

Rasmussen's encephalitis, also known as chronic focal encephalitis (CFE), is a rare inflammatory neurological disease, characterized by frequent and severe seizures, loss of motor skills and speech, hemiparesis (paralysis on one side of the body), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and dementia.

Rett syndrome (RTT), originally termed cerebroatrophic hyperammonemia, is a rare genetic postnatal neurological disorder of the grey matter of the brain that almost exclusively affects females but has also been found in male patients.

Brain abscess (or cerebral abscess) is an abscess caused by inflammation and collection of infected material, coming from local (ear infection, dental abscess, infection of paranasal sinuses, infection of the mastoid air cells of the temporal bone, epidural abscess) or remote (lung, heart, kidney etc.) infectious sources, within the brain tissue.

Epilepsy is a group of neurological diseases characterized by epileptic seizures.

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain.

Pertussis (also known as whooping cough or 100-day cough) is a highly contagious bacterial disease.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding into the subarachnoid space — the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain.

Alexander disease, also known as fibrinoid leukodystrophy, is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease.

Canavan disease, also called Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease, is an autosomal recessive degenerative disorder that causes progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain, and is one of the most common degenerative cerebral diseases of infancy.

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms that can occur when an individual reduces or stops alcohol consumption after long periods of use.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as intracranial injury, occurs when an external force traumatically injures the brain.

Laron's syndrome, or Laron-type dwarfism, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an insensitivity to growth hormone (GH), usually caused by a mutant growth hormone receptor.

Alpers' disease, also called Alpers' syndrome, Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS), progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy, and progressive infantile poliodystrophy, is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system first recognized by Alfons Maria Jakob, a German neuropathologist, that occurs mostly in infants and children.

Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome—often abbreviated to benzo withdrawal—is the cluster of symptoms that emerge when a person who has taken benzodiazepines, either medically or recreationally, and has developed a physical dependence undergoes dosage reduction or discontinuation.

Congenital syphilis is syphilis present in utero and at birth, and occurs when a child is born to a mother with syphilis.

Fumarase deficiency (or fumaric aciduria), also known as "Polygamist Down's", is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarate hydratase, which is indicated by a buildup of fumaric acid in the urine.

Fungal meningitis refers to meningitis caused by a fungal infection.

Pilocytic astrocytoma or juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma or cystic cerebellar astrocytoma (and its variant juvenile pilomyxoid astrocytoma) is a brain tumor that occurs more often in children and young adults (in the first 20 years of life).

Degos disease (also called malignant atrophic papulosis) is a rare vasculopathy that affects the lining of the medium and small veins and arteries, resulting in occlusion (blockage of the vessel) and tissue infarction.

Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency (THBD, BH4D), also called THB or BH4 deficiency, is a rare metabolic disorder that increases the blood levels of phenylalanine.

Germinal matrix hemorrhage is a bleeding into the subependymal germinal matrix with or without subsequent rupture into the lateral ventricle.

Classical homocystinuria, also known as cystathionine beta synthase deficiency or CBS deficiency, is an inherited disorder of the metabolism of the amino acid methionine, often involving cystathionine beta synthase.

Dravet syndrome, also known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI), is a type of epilepsy with seizures that are often triggered by hot temperatures or fever.

Encephalocele, sometimes known as cranium bifidum, is a neural tube defect characterized by sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it through openings in the skull.

Conversion disorder (CD) is a diagnostic category previously used in some psychiatric classification systems.

Glutathione synthetase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that prevents the production of glutathione.

EAST syndrome is a syndrome consisting of epilepsy, ataxia (a movement disorder), sensorineural deafness (deafness because of problems with the hearing nerve) and salt-wasting renal tubulopathy (salt loss caused by kidney problems).