Flashcards: Diseases of the eye and adnexa

A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye leading to a decrease in vision.

Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward.

Ectropion is a medical condition in which the lower eyelid turns outwards.

Chalazion is a cyst in the eyelid due to a blocked oil gland.

Phthisis bulbi is a shrunken, non-functional eye.

Coats’ disease, (also known as exudative retinitis or retinal telangiectasis, sometimes spelled Coates' disease), is a rare congenital, nonhereditary eye disorder, causing full or partial blindness, characterized by abnormal development of blood vessels behind the retina.

Visual release hallucinations, also known as Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS), is the experience of complex visual hallucinations in a person with partial or severe blindness.

Central serous retinopathy (CSR), also known as central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC or CSCR), is an eye disease which causes visual impairment, often temporary, usually in one eye.

A coloboma (from the Greek koloboma, meaning defect) is a hole in one of the structures of the eye, such as the iris, retina, choroid, or optic disc.

Cyclotropia is a form of strabismus in which, compared to the correct positioning of the eyes, there is a torsion of one eye (or both) about the eye's visual axis.

Hypertropia is a condition of misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fixating eye.

Ophthalmoparesis or ophthalmoplegia refers to weakness (-paresis) or paralysis (-plegia) of one or more extraocular muscles which are responsible for eye movements.

Anisometropia is the condition in which the two eyes have unequal refractive power.

A cone dystrophy is an inherited ocular disorder characterized by the loss of cone cells, the photoreceptors responsible for both central and color vision.

Ectopia lentis is a displacement or malposition of the eye's crystalline lens from its normal location.

Kearns–Sayre syndrome (abbreviated KSS), also known as oculocraniosomatic disorder or oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disorder with ragged red fibers, is a mitochondrial myopathy with a typical onset before 20 years of age.

In anatomy, heterochromia (ancient Greek: ἕτερος, héteros, different + χρώμα, chróma, color) is a difference in coloration, usually of the iris but also of hair or skin.

Periorbital cellulitis, also known as preseptal cellulitis (and not to be confused with orbital cellulitis, which is behind the septum), is an inflammation and infection of the eyelid and portions of skin around the eye, anterior to the orbital septum.

Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a condition of the eye involving remnants of a fetal membrane that persist as strands of tissue crossing the pupil.

Endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the internal coats of the eye.

Strabismus, also called crossed eyes, is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object.

Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life, and affects around 1 in 80,000 of the population.

Trichiasis is a medical term for abnormally positioned eyelashes that grow back toward the eye, touching the cornea or conjunctiva.

Monochromacy (mono meaning one and chromo color) is among organisms or machine the ability to distinguish only one single frequency of the electromagnetic light spectrum.

A fungal keratitis is an 'inflammation of the eye's cornea' (called keratitis) that results from infection by a fungal organism.

Aphakia is the absence of the lens of the eye, due to surgical removal, a perforating wound or ulcer, or congenital anomaly.

Argyll Robertson pupils (AR pupils or, colloquially, "prostitute's pupils") are bilateral small pupils that reduce in size on a near object (i.e., they accommodate), but do not constrict when exposed to bright light (i.e., they do not react to light).

Oguchi disease, also called congenital stationary night blindness, Oguchi type 1 or Oguchi disease 1, is an autosomal recessive form of congenital stationary night blindness associated with fundus discoloration and abnormally slow dark adaptation.

Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color.

Keratoconjunctivitis is inflammation ("-itis") of the cornea and conjunctiva.

Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a ciliopathic human genetic disorder that produces many effects and affects many body systems.

Near-sightedness, also known as short-sightedness and myopia, is a condition of the eye where light focuses in front, instead of on the retina.

Loa loa filariasis is a skin and eye disease caused by the nematode worm Loa loa.

The central retinal vein is the venous equivalent of the central retinal artery and, like that blood vessel, it can suffer from occlusion (central retinal vein occlusion, also CRVO), similar to that seen in ocular ischemic syndrome.

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is a disorder of conjugate lateral gaze in which the affected eye shows impairment of adduction.

Amblyopia, also called lazy eye, is a disorder of sight due to the eye and brain not working well together.

Choroideremia /kɒˌrɔɪdᵻˈriːmi.

Esotropia is a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turns inward.

Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer that lies between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea.

Photophobia is a symptom of abnormal intolerance to visual perception of light.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) or Terry syndrome, previously known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is a disease of the eye affecting prematurely-born babies generally having received intensive neonatal care, in which oxygen therapy is used on them due to the premature development of their lungs.

Dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the lacrimal glands (the tear-producing glands).

Stickler syndrome (hereditary progressive arthro-ophthalmopathy) is a group of genetic disorders affecting connective tissue, specifically collagen.

An anopsia or anopia is a defect in the visual field.

Optic papillitis is a specific type of optic neuritis.

Orbital lymphoma is a common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs near or on the eye.

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is a medical condition involving loss of vision due to damage to the optic nerve from insufficient blood supply.

Terson syndrome or Terson's syndrome is the occurrence of a vitreous hemorrhage of the human eye in association with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Ocular hypertension is a clinical term describing the presence of elevated intraocular pressure in the absence of optic nerve damage or visual field loss.

Papilledema (or papilloedema) is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure.

Dominant optic atrophy, or dominant optic atrophy, Kjer's type, is an autosomally inherited disease that affects the optic nerves, causing reduced visual acuity and blindness beginning in childhood.

Weill–Marchesani syndrome (also known as Spherophakia-brachymorphia syndrome, congenital mesodermal dystrophy, and GEMSS syndrome) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by short stature; an unusually short, broad head (brachycephaly) and other facial abnormalities; hand defects, including unusually short fingers (brachydactyly); and distinctive eye (ocular) abnormalities.

Nyctalopia /ˌnɪktəlˈoʊpiə/ (from Greek νύκτ-, nykt- "night"; ἀλαός, alaos "blind, not seeing", and ὄψ, ops "eye"), also called night-blindness, is a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light.

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field.

Blepharophimosis is a condition where the patient has bilateral ptosis with reduced lid size, vertically and horizontally.

Horner's syndrome is a combination of symptoms that arises when a group of nerves known as the sympathetic trunk is damaged.

Oculomotor nerve palsy or third nerve palsy is an eye condition resulting from damage to the third cranial nerve or a branch thereof.

Rubeosis iridis is a medical condition of the iris of the eye in which new abnormal blood vessels (i.e. neovascularization) are found on the surface of the iris.

Hypertensive retinopathy is damage to the retina and retinal circulation due to high blood pressure (i.e. hypertension).

Subconjunctival hemorrhage, also known as subconjunctival haemorrhage and hyposphagma, is bleeding underneath the conjunctiva.

Refractive error, also known as refraction error, is a problem with focusing of light on the retina due to the shape of the eye.

Allergic conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the membrane covering the white part of the eye) due to allergy.

Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye.

Convergence insufficiency or convergence disorder is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by a reduced ability of the eyes to turn towards each other, or sustain convergence.

Iridodialysis, sometimes known as a coredialysis, is a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body.

Keratoconus (KC, KCN, KTCN) is a degenerative disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more conical shape than the more normal gradual curve.

A Khodadoust Line or chronic focal transplant reaction is a medical sign that indicates a complication of corneal graft surgery on the eye.

Intraocular hemorrhage (sometimes hemophthalmos or hemophthalmia) is bleeding (hemorrhage) into the eyeball (oculus in Latin. It may be the result of physical trauma (direct injury to the eye) or medical illness. Severe hemorrhage, particularly when leading to rising pressure inside the eye, may lead to blindness.

Eales disease is a type of obliterative vasculopathy, also known as angiopathia retinae juvenilis, periphlebitis retinae, primary perivasculitis of the retina, is an ocular disease characterized by inflammation and possible blockage of retinal blood vessels, abnormal growth of new blood vessels (neovascularization), and recurrent retinal and vitreal hemorrhages.

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (other names: Exfoliation glaucoma, Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, Pseudoexfoliation of the lens, Exfoliation syndrome), sometimes abbreviated as PEX, is an aging–related systemic disease manifesting itself primarily in the eyes which is characterized by the accumulation of microscopic granular amyloid-like protein fibers.

Asteroid hyalosis is a degenerative condition of the eye involving small white opacities in the vitreous humor.

Leukocoria (also leukokoria or white pupillary reflex) is an abnormal white reflection from the retina of the eye.

In medicine, enophthalmia describes eyes that are abnormally sunken into their sockets.

Krukenberg's spindle is the name given to the pattern formed on the inner surface of the cornea by pigmented iris cells which are deposited as a result of the currents of the aqueous humor.

Giant-cell arteritis (GCA), also called temporal arteritis, cranial arteritis, or Horton disease is an inflammatory disease of blood vessels most commonly involving large and medium arteries of the head, predominantly the branches of the external carotid artery.

X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a rare X-linked non-progressive retinal disorder.

Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) or Sympathetic uveitis is a bilateral diffuse granulomatous uveitis (a kind of inflammation) of both eyes following trauma to one eye.

The phantom eye syndrome (PES) is a phantom pain in the eye and visual hallucinations after the removal of an eye (enucleation, evisceration).

Corneal abrasion is a medical condition involving the loss of the surface epithelial layer of the eye's cornea.

A red eye is a non-specific term to describe an eye that appears red due to illness or injury.

Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency (LCAT deficiency) is disorder of lipoprotein metabolism.

Coloboma of optic nerve, is a rare defect of the optic nerve that causes moderate to severe visual field defects.

Diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) is a sterile inflammation of the cornea which may occur after refractive surgery, such as LASIK.

Marshall syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue which can cause hearing loss.

Chiasmal syndrome is the set of signs and symptoms that are associated with lesions of the optic chiasm, manifesting as various impairments of the sufferer's visual field according to the location of the lesion along the optic nerve.

Sclerocornea is a congenital anomaly of the eye in which the cornea blends with sclera, having no clear-cut boundary.