Flashcards: Digestive system

The anal canal is the terminal part of the large intestine.

Gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase, also known as H+/K+ ATPase, is an enzyme which functions to acidify the stomach.

The major duodenal papilla is an opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum.

The epiglottis is a flap made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx.

Diosmectite (Brand names Smecta, Smecdral) is a natural silicate of aluminium and magnesium used as an intestinal adsorbent in the treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases.

The interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) is a type of interstitial cell found in the gastrointestinal tract.

The anus (from Latin anus, meaning "ring, anus", which is from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂no-, meaning "ring") is an opening at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth.

The large intestine, or the large bowel, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates.

The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others.

The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the digestion and absorption of food takes place.

Brunner's glands (or duodenal glands) are compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (aka sphincter of Oddi).

Ileus is a disruption of the normal propulsive ability of the gastrointestinal tract.

Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase.

The myenteric plexus (or Auerbach's plexus) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input (although present ganglionar cell bodies belong to parasympathetic innervation, fibers from sympathetic innervation also reach the plexus), whereas the submucous plexus has only parasympathetic fibers and provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa nearest the lumen of the gut.

Enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs, or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the liver.

The human anus (from Latin anus meaning "ring", "circle") is the external opening of the rectum.

Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.

The duodenum or dodecadactylum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.

The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English) (/ᵻˈsɒfəɡəs/), commonly known as the food pipe or gullet, is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach.

Excretion is the process by which metabolic wastes and other non-useful materials are eliminated from an organism.

The ileum /ˈɪliəm/ is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.

The jejunum (/dʒᵻˈdʒuːnəm/) is the second part of the small intestine in humans and most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds.

The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva, which is formed of several things including amylase, a digestive enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose and glucose.

The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication, and is used in the act of swallowing.

The sigmoid colon (pelvic colon) is the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus.

Chyme or chymus (/kaɪm/; from Greek χυμός khymos, "juice") is the semifluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum (the beginning of the small intestine).

Chyle (/kaɪl/; from the Greek word χυλός chylos, "juice") is a milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids (FFAs).

The pylorus (/paɪˈlɔərəs/ or /pᵻˈlɔərəs/), or pyloric part, connects the stomach to the duodenum.

Enterocytes, or intestinal absorptive cells, are simple columnar epithelial cells found in the small intestine.

Mastication or chewing is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth.

Stercobilin is a tetrapyrrolic bile pigment and is one end-product of heme catabolism.

The word mesentery is derived from the Greek mesos, "in the middle" and enteron, an "intestine".

The sphincter of Oddi (also hepatopancreatic sphincter or Glisson's sphincter), abbreviated as SO, is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum.

Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cells found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, in particular in the vicinity of parietal cells, that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine.

S cells are cells which release secretin, found in the jejunum and duodenum.

The ileocecal fold or ileocaecal fold is an anatomical structure in the human abdomen, located between the ileum and the cecum.

The gut–brain axis is the biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system.

Intestinal villi (singular: villus) are small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine.

The common bile duct, sometimes abbreviated CBD, is a duct in the gastrointestinal tract of organisms that have a gall bladder.

The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver).

The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gallbladder to the common bile duct.

The septum transversum is a thick mass of cranial mesenchyme, formed in the embryo, that gives rise to parts of the thoracic diaphragm and the ventral mesentery of the foregut in the developed human being.

The angle of His is the acute angle created between the cardia at the entrance to the stomach, and the esophagus.

The portion of the dorsal mesentery that attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach, is known as the dorsal mesogastrium.

The Solitary lymphatic nodules (or solitary follicles) are structures found in the small intestine and large intestine.

The isthmus of the fauces or the oropharyngeal isthmus is a part of the oropharynx directly behind the mouth cavity, bounded superiorly by the soft palate, laterally by the palatoglossal arches, and inferiorly by the tongue.

Enterostatin is a pentapeptide derived from a proenzyme in the gastrointestinal tract called procolipase.

The duodenal bulb is the portion of the duodenum which is closest to the stomach.

The gastric glands are located in different regions of the stomach.

The suspensory muscle of duodenum is a thin muscle connecting the junction between the duodenum, jejunum, and duodenojejunal flexure to connective tissue surrounding the superior mesenteric artery and coeliac artery.

Cholangiocytes are the epithelial cells of the bile duct.

The right margin of the oesophagus is continuous with the lesser curvature of the stomach, while the left margin joins the greater curvature at an acute angle, termed the cardiac notch (or cardial notch).

Spiral valves of Heister are undulating folds or valves in the proximal mucosa of the cystic duct.

Anal columns (Columns of Morgagni or less commonly Morgagni's columns) are a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal.

Uroguanylin is a 16 amino acid peptide that is secreted by enterochromaffin cells in the duodenum and proximal small intestine.

Esophageal spasm or oesophageal spasm is a disorder of esophageal motility.

The pectinate line (dentate line) is a line which divides the upper two thirds and lower third of the anal canal.

The esophageal glands are small compound racemose exocrine glands of the mucous type.

Accessory pancreas is a small cluster of pancreas cells detached from the pancreas and sometimes found in the wall of the stomach or intestines.

The circular folds (valves of Kerckring) (also, plicae circulares / valvulae conniventes) are large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the small intestine.

The anal valves are small valve-like folds at the lower ends of the anal sinuses in the rectum.

The anal sinuses (rectal sinuses) are furrows in the anal canal, that separate the anal columns from one another.

The angular incisure (angular notch) is a small anatomical notch on the stomach.

The duodenojejunal flexure or duodenojejunal junction is the border between the duodenum and the jejunum.

The transverse folds of rectum (or Houston's valves) are semi-lunar transverse folds of the rectal wall that protrude into the rectum, not the anal canal as that lies below the rectum.