Flashcards: Demography

Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.

Emigration is the act of leaving one's resident country with the intent to settle elsewhere.

A logistic function or logistic curve is a common "S" shape (sigmoid curve), with equation: where * e = the natural logarithm base (also known as Euler's number), * x0 = the x-value of the sigmoid's midpoint, * L = the curve's maximum value, and * k = the steepness of the curve.

Infant mortality refers to deaths of young children, typically those less than one year of age.

A disease is a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of a structure or function, that affects part or all of an organism.

Family planning, simply put, is the practice of controlling the number of children in a family and the intervals between their births, particularly by means of artificial contraception or voluntary sterilization.

Population geography is a division of human geography.

A population is a summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.

A refugee, generally speaking, is a displaced person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and who cannot return home safely (for more detail see legal definition).

A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share at meals or living accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people.

In actuarial science and demography, a life table (also called a mortality table or actuarial table) is a table which shows, for each age, what the probability is that a person of that age will die before his or her next birthday ("probability of death").

Maternal death is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.

Geographic mobility is the measure of how populations move over time.

The birth rate (technically, births/population rate) is the total number of live births per 1,000 of a population in a year.

Historical demography is the quantitative study of human population in the past.

Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.

Perinatal mortality (PNM), also perinatal death, refers to the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate.

Population decline can refer to the decline in population of any organism, but this article refers to population decline in humans.

A population bottleneck (or genetic bottleneck) is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, or droughts) or human activities (such as genocide).

Ageing population is a phenomenon that occurs when the median age of a country or region increases due to rising life expectancy and/or declining fertility rates.

A population pyramid, also called an age pyramid or age picture is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

Stillbirth is typically defined as fetal death at or after 20 to 28 weeks of pregnancy.

The total fertility rate (TFR), sometimes also called the fertility rate, absolute /potential natality, period total fertility rate (PTFR) or total period fertility rate (TPFR) of a population is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if: 1.

The Malthusian trap is named after the view of Thomas Robert Malthus that improvements in a society's standard of living are not sustainable because of population growth.

Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

Adherents.com says "Sizes shown are approximate estimates, and are here mainly for the purpose of ordering the groups, not providing a definitive number".

In the study of human settlements, an urban agglomeration is an extended city or town area comprising the built-up area of a central place (usually a municipality) and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area.

Refugee crisis can refer to movements of large groups of displaced persons, who could be either internally displaced persons, refugees or other migrants.

I = PAT is the lettering of a formula put forward to describe the impact of human activity on the environment.

Overconsumption is a situation where resource use has outpaced the sustainable capacity of the ecosystem.

Shrinking cities are dense cities that have experienced notable population loss.

This article delineates the issue of immigration in different countries.

In biology, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.

The French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED) is a French research institute specialized in demography and population studies in general.

Demographics of the world include population density, ethnicity, education level, health measures, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Sub-replacement fertility is a total fertility rate (TFR) that (if sustained) leads to each new generation being less populous than the older, previous one in a given area.

In epidemiology, the attack rate is the biostatistical measure of frequency of morbidity, or speed of spread, in an at risk population.

A two-child policy is a government-imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children.

In marketing, Geodemographic segmentation is a multivariate statistical classification technique for discovering whether the individuals of a population fall into different groups by making quantitative comparisons of multiple characteristics with the assumption that the differences within any group should be less than the differences between groups.

The world's energy resources can be divided into fossil fuel, nuclear fuel and renewable resources.

Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies the size and age composition of populations as dynamical systems, and the biological and environmental processes driving them (such as birth and death rates, and by immigration and emigration).

Population transfer or resettlement is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another, often a form of forced migration imposed by state policy or international authority and most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion but also due to economic development.

In the United States, black genocide is a conspiracy theory which holds that African Americans are the victims of genocide instituted by white Americans.