Centralized political organizations with authority over a population within a defined territory. Key elements include territory, population, government, and sovereignty.
Implies supreme authority and a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence within a state's territory. It is a defining characteristic of statehood.
Asserts that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory, emphasizing the autonomy and independence of individual states in the international system.
Congruency between the nation (a group of people with a shared identity) and the state (a political organization), suggesting that a state should represent a specific nation.
Consists of rules, norms, and standards recognized as binding between states, operating outside any particular state's legal order. It differs from domestic law in that it is not enforced in the same manner but relies on voluntary state compliance.
Include treaties, customary international law, general principles of law, judicial decisions, and teachings of qualified jurists. For example, the Geneva Conventions are treaties forming a crucial part of international humanitarian law.
A landmark document in international law, outlining fundamental human rights. It is significant as a foundational text guiding global efforts to protect and promote human rights.
It refers to a network of institutions and procedures facilitating cooperation, coordination, and conflict resolution among countries and global actors. It includes intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), regional blocs, global civil society, and institutions like the United Nations (UN).
Marked a shift in global governance, with a more diverse set of actors beyond states participating in global affairs. This period saw increased participation from non-state entities in global decision-making processes.
Involves addressing threats and risks in an interconnected world. Traditional security concerns focus on state sovereignty and defense, while human security prioritizes the safety and well-being of individuals and societies.
Terrorism, economic instability, climate change, infectious diseases, and international criminal organizations, reflecting the complex and interconnected nature of global security.
Contributes to international tensions through assertiveness in territorial disputes, notably in the South China Sea. This behavior raises concerns about regional stability and adherence to international norms.
Persists due to competition among Great Powers. International institutions play a role in peaceful resolution by providing platforms for dialogue, negotiation, and conflict resolution.
Refers to the competitive buildup of military capabilities by states, driven by concerns about national security and defense. This dynamic has historically contributed to increased global tensions.
It expands the concept of security beyond state-centric concerns to prioritize the safety and well-being of individuals and societies, recognizing a broader range of threats and vulnerabilities.
International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICJ settles legal disputes between states, while the ICC prosecutes individuals for international crimes.
Plays a crucial role in global governance by advocating for issues such as human rights, environmental protection, and social justice. Their activism contributes to shaping international norms and influencing global decision-making processes.