The role / function of the CPU in a computer
• CPU processes the instructions and data that are input into the computer so that the result can be output
What is meant by a microprocessor?
• It is a type of integrated circuit on a single chip
3 descriptions of the Von Neumann Architecture
1. Uses a single processor
2. Linear / Sequential execution of instructions
3. Uses a Stored Programmed concept
2 definitions of Stored Program concept
1. Both data and instructions are stored in the same memory
2. Instructions are fetched, decoded and executed one at a time
3 types of components in a CPU / Von Neumann Architecture
1. Units
2. Registers
3. Buses
2 types of Units
1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
2. CU (Control Unit)
8 types of Registers
1. PC (Program Counter)
2. MAR (Memory Address Register)
3. MDR (Memory Data Register)
4. CIR (Current Instruction Register)
5. ACC (Accumulator)
6. IAS (Immediate Access Store)
7. IX (Index register)
8. SR (Status register)
3 types of Buses
1. Address bus
2. Control bus
3. Data bus
How are the units used in the CPU?
• Units are used to fetch, decode and execute data and instructions
How are registers used in the CPU?
• They are used to storing data and addresses
How are buses used in a CPU?
• Buses are used to transmit data addresses and signals
What are registers?
• They are temporary storage area inside the microprocessor
The 3 stages of processing instructions
1. Fetch
2. Decode (control unit)
3. Execute
Where instructions and data are fetched from?
Instructions and data are fetched from RAM into the CPU
The Fetch-Decode-Execute 8 steps cycle of a load instruction where the operand is a value
1. The PC holds the address of the next instruction
2. The address in PC is copied to MAR
3. The PC is incremented by 1
4. The content found at address in MAR is copied to MDR
5. The content / instruction in MDR is copied to CIR
6. The instruction is decoded in CIR
7. Since the operand is a value, it is copied to MDR
8. The content in MDR is sent to ACC to be added
The 6 operations of the fetch stage of the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle in Register Transfer Notation
1. MAR ← [PC]
2. PC ← [PC] + 1
3. MDR ← [(MAR)]
4. CIR ← [MDR]
5. Decode instruction in CIR
6. Execute instruction
The 4 operations of the Fetch stage
1. The address / content in program counter (PC) is copied to memory address register (MAR)
2. The program counter (PC) is incremented by 1
3. The content found at an address in memory address register (MAR) is copied to memory data register (MDR)
4. The content in memory data register (MDR) is copied to current instruction register (CIR)
What is a bus?
• A set of wires that are used to connect components together
2 definitions of Address bus
1. Carries an address of a memory location (from processor to main memory)
2. Is unidirectional (signals travel in one direction only)
Definition of Data bus
1. Carries content of a memory location / data value / an instruction
2 definitions of Control bus
1. Carries control signals to various components
2. Can be either unidirectional or bidirectional
State the 3 factors that affect the performance of the CPU
1. Number of core
2. Size of cache
3. Speed of the clock
What is clock speed?
• It determines the number of cycles (fetch-decode-execute) the CPU can execute per second
How speed of the clock affect the performance of a CPU?
• Increasing the clock speed increases the number of fetch-decode-execute cycles that can be carried out per unit of time
What is an instruction set?
• It is a list of all the commands that can be processed by a CPU and the command are machine code. e.g., LDD200, STO10, ADD200, SUB25
What is the purpose of an instruction set?
• The instruction set provides commands to the processor to tell it what it needs to do
4 definitions of an Embedded system
1. It is used to perform a dedicated function
2. It has a microprocessor which is designed to perform specific task
3. Has little or no human intervention
4. Specially designed keeping in consideration the tasks that need completion in the most efficient way
5 examples of embedded system
1. Car
2. Security system
3. Lighting system
4. Vending machine
5. Domestic appliances (washing machine, microwave oven, toaster)
What is a general purpose system?
• It is used to perform many functions (personal computer, laptop)