Flashcards: chapter 25 prelecture

The kidneys filter ______ liters of ______ daily allowing toxins, metabolic wastes and excess ions to leave the body in _______ while returning needed substances to the ______

Blood pressure regulation through renal hormones

___________________ of the juxtaglomerular complex of the _______ release ________

Erythropoietin production

1. What is the stimulus for erythropoietin production?

Erythropoietin production

2. Where is erythropoietin produced?

Erythropoietin production

3. What does erythropoietin do?

- Stimulates ___________________

- enhanced _________ increases ________________

- ___________ carrying ability of ________ rises

Role of kidneys in Vitamin D synthesis (1/2)

_____________________ produce the hormone ______________ (provitamin D3)

Role of kidneys in Vitamin D synthesis (2/2)

____________________ is activated by the ____________ in response to _____________ _____________ , this activates ______________ (Vitamin d3)

Glomerulus Function

specialized ___________ ____ that is adapted for __________

Porous membrane filter that lies between the blood in the glomerulus and the filtrate in the capsular space

Three layers of the filtration membrane (1/3)

1. _______________ _________________ of the _____________ ___________

fenestrations allow all ________ components except ______ ______ to pass through

Three layers of the filtration membrane (2/3)

2. _______________ ______________

forms a _______ __________ that blocks all but the smallest ________ while still permitting most other _______ to pass

______________ give the ___________ a negative charge to repel many negatively charged macromolecular anions like ________ ________

Three layers of the filtration membrane (3/3)

3. _______ ___________ of ________________ of the _____________ ___________

traps any _________________ that make it past the ________ _________ in slit diaphragms, thin membranes that extend across the filtration slits of the podocytes

The glomerulus is fed and drained by ___________

The ________ ____________ is _______ has less ________ ___________ and __________ each _____________

The ______ ___________ is __________ has more ____________ ____________ and ___________ each ___________

Why the blood pressure in the glomerulus is high

The _______ passage and less _________ _________ causes more ______ to enter the __________ which causes the blood pressure to be ___ mm Hg compared to the average __ mm Hg in other capillary beds

The structural and functional units of the kidneys

Each nephron consists of a _______ _________ and a _______ ________

The two major groups of nephrons are the ________ and _________________ nephrons

Nephron structure

The renal corpuscle is composed of two structures, the _____________ and the _____________ ____________

Nephron structure

The _____________ ________ is continuous with the ____ ______ and completely surrounds the glomerulus

Nephron structure

The glomerular capsule has two layers, the ________ ________ and the ________ _________

Nephron structure

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of the ______ ___________ ____________ tissue

Nephron structure

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule clings to __________ ___________ and is formed from modified branching epithelial cells called ____________

Nephron structure

The _______ ________ begins in the kidney ______ and pass into the ________ before returning to the _______

Nephron structure

The three layers of the renal tubule are the:

1.

2.

3.

Nephron structure

In the _____ ______, proximal convoluted tubule is composed of __________ __________ _____ with large mitochondria, their apical surfaces bear dense __________ to increase the ________ _____

cuboidal epithelial cells

Nephron structure

In the _____ ______, the proximal descending limb of the nephron loop is continuous with the PCT and contains ________ __________ _____, the rest contains ______ ________ __________, in the ascending nephron loop the epithelium becomes _____________ ___________ ______

Nephron structure

In the _____ ______, the distal convoluted tubule contains __________ ___________ _____ confined to the cortex

Nephron classes

____________ _____________ account for 85% of the nephrons in the kidneys and are located entirely in the _________

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

originate close to the ________-_______ ________, long nephron loops enter _________ and ascending limbs have _____ and _____ segments

Nephron function

The nephron creates a ______ and _______-_____ _______ from the _____

Nephron function

The ____________ recovers chemicals the body needs while also _______________ into the _____________ selected chemicals the body needs to ___________

____________ _______ collect and convey nephron __________ which then becomes the _______ into the ________ _________

Filtrate contains __________ found in _______ ________ except _________

Urine contains ___________ substances such as ________ ____ and ____________ _______

Passage of a solvent with dissolved substances through a membrane or filter 

Process by which needed substances are moved from the filtrate and returned to blood

Passage of a material formed by a cell to its exterior

The ___________ __________ ___________ of the renal tubule is lined with __________ which contributes to the brush border, this increases the surface area for ______________ of ________ and _________ from the __________ and increases the surface area for ___________ of substances

The __________ ____________ ___________ of the renal tubule has no ________ because it empties the ______from the _______ into the __________ _______

The ___________ ___________ is reported in mg/min and reflects the number of _________ _________ in the ________ _________ available to ferry a particular substance

Transport maximum

there are a lot of _________ _________ for substances like _________ that need to be ____________ and few or no ___________ _________ for ______ substances

Transport maximum

When __________ __________ are ___________ and bound to all the substances they transport the ______ is _________ in ______

Transport maximum

_____________ individuals with uncontrolled __________ _________ contain higher amounts of _________ in _______ due to lack of ________ carrier protein to ferry glucose

_______________ ____________ inhibits diuresis which is ______ _______

Causes the body to produce a concentrated urine to allow us to survive for a limited time without water

ADH increases number of aquaporins (water channels) in collecting duct

Increases water reabsorption from collecting duct

Creates a small volume of concentrated urine

_____________ __________ causes the body to produce a ______ volume of _______________ ______ to allow us to survive for a limited time without water, this hormone increases the number of __________ or water channels in the ________ _________ which increases ____________ ____________

Incoming ______ distends the ________ and stimulates its muscularis to ________, propelling urine into the _________ , the strength and frequency of ___________ depends on the rate of _________ __________

Smooth collapsible muscular sac that stores urine temporarily

Three layers of the bladder

1. ________ containing ____________ ________

2. Thick muscular layer called the __________

3. __________ __________ except on _________ surface where it is covered by the _____________

micturition refers to

The _______ __________ _________ inhibits voiding

The ________ ________ __________ promotes voiding

UTI

Location of the female ________ near the _____ predisposes it to colonization by ______ __________

UTI

_________ _______ of the __________ _______ being continuous from the _________ to the __________ can cause the __________ to ascend to the kidney causes _____________

Fever

Back pain

Other systems of systemic illness

________________ ___________ takes place in the renal corpuscle and produces a cell- and protein-free _______

_______________ ____________ is the process of selectively moving substances from the filtrate back into the blood, it takes place in the _________ ________ and ____________ __________, it reclaims almost everything filtered all of the _________ and ________ ____ and 99% of the ________, _____ and other components, anything that is not reabsorbed becomes _____

_____________ __________ is the process of selectively moving substances from the _______ into the _________, like tubular reabsorption is occurs along the length of the ________ and the ______________ ________