b
Which cytokine is overly produced in response to Covid-19 infecton?
a) IL-21
b) IL-6
c) IL-3
d) IL-5
IL-6
a proinflammtory cytokine that is produced by a variety of cell types; ie. lymphocytes, monocytes, and fibroblasts.
rheumatoid arthritis & IL-6 inflammatory disorders
What is ACTEMRA's original indication?
b,d
When is the best time to give ACTEMRA, an IL-6 blocker, to a patient that has been diagnosed with COVID-19?
a) asymptompatic phase
b) moderate to severe illness
c) Mild illness
d) critical disease
e) Prolonged critical illness
M1- classically activated microbicidal; M2- wound healing tissue repair
What are our two phenotypes of Macrophages?
recycle iron
Besides phagocytizing bacteria and other cellular debris, what else do Macrophages do?
IL-4 & IL-13
M2 Healing & Anti-inflammatory macrophages respond to:
IFN y & TNF
M1 Microbicidal/ Pro-inflammatory macrophages respond to:
controlling antibody responses, activating innate immune cells, and lysing target cells.
By secreting cytokines; T cells are responsible for
T cells
What cell is the central regulator of the adaptive immune response?
macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells
What are our professional antigen presenting cells?
b
What constitutes signal 1 in T cell - MHC communication?
a) interaction of CD receptors between APCs and T cells
b) engagement between MHC-Peptide complex & T cell receptor
c) APCs cytokine messaging
a
What constitutes signal 2 in T cell-MHC communication?
a) interaction of CD receptors between APCs and T cells
b) engagement between MHC-Peptide complex & T cell receptor
c) APCs cytokine messaging
c
What constitutes signal 3 in T cell-MHC communication?
a) interaction of CD receptors between APCs and T cells
b) engagement between MHC-Peptide complex & T cell receptor
c) APCs cytokine messaging
a,b
What signals are required to stimulate an immune response?
a) interaction of CD receptors between APCs and T cells
b) engagement between MHC-Peptide complex & T cell receptor
c) APCs cytokine messaging
c
Which signal determines the nature of T-cell response generated?
a) interaction of CD receptors between APCs and T cells
b) engagement between MHC-Peptide complex & T cell receptor
c) APCs cytokine messaging
MHC class I
-expressed by all nucleated cells and presents peptides from intracellular antigens (self and viral)
a
Which MHC class presents to CD8+ cells?
a) MHC 1
b) MHC 2
b
Which MHC class presents to CD4+ cells?
a) MHC 1
b) MHC 2
MHC class II
-is expressed by professional antigen presenting cells and presents peptide fragments from digested endocytosed/phagocytosed antigens; helps the immune system decide how to respond.
uncontrolled activation of T-cells due to APC's presenting self antigens
What is the cause of autoimmune diseases?
a
Which class is responsible for our cell-mediated response?
a) MHC 1
b) MHC 2
b
Which class is responsible for our antibody response?
a) MHC 1
b) MHC 2
CD8+ t cells release perforin & granzymes that kill the infected cell; lead to activated t-cells and memory t-cells
Explain Cytotoxic T- cells role in signal 3.
activated t-cells can kill infected cells more aggressively if infected with the same pathogen; bad for autoimmune diseases & organ transplant
Explain the pros & cons with Signal 3.
b
Which T-helper cell is is responsible for enhancing macrophage activation?
a) TH17
b) TH1
c) TH24
d) TH2
d
Which T-helper cell is responsible for activation of B-cells aka the antibody response?
a) TH17
b) TH1
c) TH24
d) TH2
a
Which T-helper cell is responsible for tissue inflammation & autoimmune response?
a) TH17
b) TH1
c) TH24
d) TH2
b
Which T-helper cell is implicated in auto-immune disease?
a) TH17
b) TH1
c) TH24
d) TH2
d
Which T-helper cell is responsible for the recruitment of eosinophils aka the allergic response?
a) TH17
b) TH1
c) TH24
d) TH2