Flashcards: Carcinogens

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (conjugate base perfluorooctanesulfonate) (PFOS) is an anthropogenic fluorosurfactant and global pollutant.

Agent Orange—or Herbicide Orange (HO)—is one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the U.

N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) is a highly reliable carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen.

Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals, which all have in common their eponymous asbestiform habit: long (roughly 1:20 aspect ratio), thin fibrous crystals, with each visible fiber composed of millions of microscopic "fibrils" that can be released by abrasion and other processes.

GW501516 (also known as GW-501,516, GW1516, GSK-516 and on the black market as Endurobol) is a PPARδ receptor agonist that was invented in a collaboration between Ligand Pharmaceuticals and GlaxoSmithKline in the 1990s, was entered into clinical development as a drug candidate for metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases, and was abandoned in 2007 because animal testing showed that the drug caused cancer to develop rapidly in several organs.

Cadmium oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdO.

4-Methylimidazole (4-MeI or 4-MEI) is a heterocyclic organic chemical compound with molecular formula H3C–C3H3N2 or C4H6N2.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, also polyaromatic hydrocarbons) are hydrocarbons—organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen—that are composed of multiple aromatic rings (organic rings in which the electrons are delocalized).

Ethylene oxide, properly called oxirane by IUPAC, is the organic compound with the formula C2H4O.

Methylazoxymethanol acetate, MAM, is a neurotoxin which reduces DNA synthesis used in making animal models of neurological diseases including schizophrenia and epilepsy.

Calcium arsenate is the inorganic compound with the formula Ca3(AsO4)2.

Nitrosamines are chemical compounds of the chemical structure R1N(–R2)–N=O, that is, a nitroso group bonded to an amine.

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C22H14.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (conjugate base perfluorooctanoate), also known as C8, is a synthetic perfluorinated carboxylic acid and fluorosurfactant.

Benz[a]anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C18H12.

Methylcholanthrene is a highly carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon produced by burning organic compounds at very high temperatures.

Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.

7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is an immunosuppressor and a powerful organ-specific laboratory carcinogen.

Vinyl chloride is an organochloride with the formula H2C=CHCl that is also called vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) or chloroethene.

Arsenic tribromide is the inorganic compound with the formula AsBr3.

Azoxymethane (AOM) is a carcinogenic and neurotoxic chemical compound used in biological research.

Mezerein is a toxic diterpene ester found in the sap of Daphne mezereum and related plants.

3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-nitro-7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one) is a chemical compound emitted in diesel exhaust; it is a potent carcinogen.

Methyl-n-amylnitrosamine (MNAN) is a potential carcinogen It is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme CYP2A6.

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (also known as 4-NQO, 4NQO, 4Nqo, NQO and NQNO) is a quinoline derivative and a tumorigenic compound used in the assessment of the efficacy of diets, drugs, and procedures in the prevention and treatment of cancer in animal models.

Acetoxyacetylaminofluorene is a derivative of 2-acetylaminofluorene used as a biochemical tool in the study of carcinogenesis.

4,4'-Thiodianiline (TDA) is an aromatic amine which is presumed to be carcinogenic to humans.

4-Chloro-o-toluidine (4-COT, 4-chloro-2-methylaniline) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C6H3Cl(NH2).

Ethionine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid structurally related to methionine, with an ethyl group in place of the methyl group.

2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF, 2-AAF) is a carcinogenic and mutagenic derivative of fluorene.

The chemical compound trichloroethylene (C2HCl3) is a halocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent.

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also commonly known as tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), is a diester of phorbol and a potent tumor promoter often employed in biomedical research to activate the signal transduction enzyme protein kinase C (PKC).

Ptaquiloside is the major toxin of bracken, and was first isolated in 1983.

Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) is a phorbol ester which is one of the constituents of croton oil.

Thorium is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90.

Americium is a radioactive transuranic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95.

Benzo[a]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the result of incomplete combustion at temperatures between 300 °C (572 °F) and 600 °C (1,112 °F).

Furylfuramide (also known as AF-2) is a synthetic nitrofuran derivative which was widely used as a food preservative in Japan since at least 1965, but withdrawn from the market in 1974 when it was observed to be mutagenic to bacteria in vitro and thus suspected of carcinogenicity.

Kepone, also known as chlordecone, is an organochlorine compound and a colourless solid.

A Co-carcinogen is a chemical that promotes the effects of a carcinogen in the production of cancer.

Diepoxybutane (also known as butane diepoxide, butadiene diepoxide, or 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane) is a chemical compound with two epoxide functional groups.

Alcoholic beverages are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans).

Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene is a derivative of 2-acetylaminofluorene used as a biochemical tool in the study of carcinogenesis.