Flashcards: Brain

Broca's area or the Broca area /broʊˈkɑː/ or /ˈbroʊkə/ is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominid brain with functions linked to speech production.

The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves, within the vertebrate brain, situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain.

The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind is a popular science book by the futurist and physicist Michio Kaku.

In the central nervous system, the subarachnoid space (subarachnoid cavity) is the anatomic space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

The human brain is the main organ of the human central nervous system.

The arachnoid mater is one of the three meninges, the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.

The name granule cell has been used by anatomists for a number of different types of neuron whose only common feature is that they all have very small cell bodies.

The lateral ventricles are part of the ventricular system of the brain.

The extrastriate cortex is the region of the occipital cortex of the mammalian brain located next to the primary visual cortex, which is also named striate cortex because of its striped appearance in the microscope.

Dura mater (UK /ˈdjʊərə ˈmeɪtər/ or US /ˈdʊərə ˈmætr/), or dura, is a thick membrane that is the outermost of the three layers of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.

The pineal gland, also known as the pineal body, conarium or epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain.

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).

The islands of Calleja (IC, ISC, or IClj) are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals.

The tegmentum (from Latin for "covering") is a general area within the brainstem.

The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe of the human brain.

Wernicke's area (/ˈvɛərnᵻkə/ or /ˈvɛərnᵻki/; German: [ˈvɛʁnɪkə]), also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked, since the late nineteenth century, to speech (the other is Broca's area).

Ependyma is the thin epithelial lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, made up of ependymal cells.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes in the brain which is involved in the cognitive processing of decision-making.

Reissner's fiber (named after Ernst Reißner) is a fibrous aggregation of secreted molecules extending from the subcommissural organ (SCO) through the ventricular system and central canal to the ampulla caudalis, a small ventricle-like structure at the end of the spinal cord.

The tuber of vermis, the most posterior division of the inferior vermis, is of small size, and laterally spreads out into the large inferior semilunar lobules, which comprise at least two-thirds of the inferior surface of the hemisphere.

The gut–brain axis is the biochemical signaling that takes place between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system.

The nodule (nodular lobe), or anterior end of the inferior vermis, abuts against the roof of the fourth ventricle, and can only be distinctly seen after the cerebellum has been separated from the medulla oblongata and pons.

A perivascular space, also known as a Virchow–Robin space, is an immunological space between an artery and a vein (not capillaries) and the pia mater that can be expanded by leukocytes.

Tentorial incisure (also known as the tentorial notch or incisura tentorii) refers to the anterior opening between the free edge of the tentorium cerebelli and the clivus for the passage of the brainstem.

The paratenial nucleus (nucleus parataenialis), a component of the thalamic midline nuclear group.

Association fibers are bundles of axons within the brain that unite different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere.

The substantia innominata (literally "unnamed substance") of Meynert is a stratum in the human brain consisting partly of gray and partly of white substance, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus.

Pacchionian foramen means: 1.

The planum temporale is the cortical area just posterior to the auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus) within the Sylvian fissure.

Nucleus basalis of Meynert, abbreviated NBM and also known as the nucleus basalis, is a group of neurons in the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain which has wide projections to the neocortex and is rich in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase.

The primary auditory cortex is the part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and other vertebrates.

The biventer lobule (or biventral lobule) is a region of the cerebellum.

The external granular layer of the cerebral cortex is commonly known as layer II.

The folium vermis is a short, narrow, concealed band at the posterior extremity of the vermis, consisting apparently of a single folium, but in reality marked on its upper and under surfaces by secondary fissures.

The anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, which is connected below with the lamina terminalis.

The internal granular layer of the cortex, also commonly referred to as the granular layer of the cortex, is the layer IV in the subdivision of the mammalian cortex into 6 layers.

The inferior olivary nucleus, also called inferior olive, is the largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata.

The nucleus reuniens, a component of the thalamic midline nuclear group, is located in the interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia) in mammals.

Broca's region describes a contemporary reconceptualization of "Broca's area" as an anatomical subdivision of the human brain that spans a larger portion of the left hemisphere's inferior frontal gyrus (IFG).

The flocculus (Latin: tuft of wool, diminutive) is a small lobe of the cerebellum at the posterior border of the middle cerebellar peduncle anterior to the biventer lobule.

The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) is a small cluster of cells located in the preoptic area of hypothalamus of the brain that is abundant in nuclear hormone receptors in a sexually dimorphic manner, strongly implicated, in rat models, as being neonatally imprinted and subsequently controlling sex-typical physiology and behaviors.

The anterior median fissure (ventral or ventromedian fissure) contains a fold of pia mater, and extends along the entire length of the medulla oblongata: It ends at the lower border of the pons in a small triangular expansion, termed the foramen cecum.

The orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus also known as the pars orbitalis is the orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus.

The calcar avis, previously known as the hippocampus minor, is an involution of the wall of the lateral ventricle's posterior cornu produced by the calcarine fissure.

Cat intelligence is the capacity of the domesticated cat to learn, solve problems, and adapt to its environment.

The artery of Percheron (AOP) is a rare anatomic variation in the brain vascularization in which a single arterial trunk arises from the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) to supply both sides of brain structures; the thalamus and midbrain.

Baskaran Pillai, also known as Dattatreya Siva Baba or Siva Baba, is an accomplished master of the Tamil Siddha tradition and one of the first of his lineage to bring secretive knowledge of the Tamil Siddhas to the West.

Head Games: The Global Concussion Crisis is an expanded version of Head Games (2012), a 2012 documentary film that examines the effects of repeated concussions and subconcussive blows, particularly those associated with sports.

In the human brain, the rhomboid fossa is divided into symmetrical halves by a median sulcus which reaches from the upper to the lower angles of the fossa and is deeper below than above.

The anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness, it is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, and is connected below with the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the interventricular foramen to the recess at the base of the optic stalk.

The limbic lobe is an arc-shaped region of cortex on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.

The premotor cortex is an area of motor cortex lying within the frontal lobe of the brain just anterior to the primary motor cortex.

A brain injury is any injury occurring in the brain of a living organism.

In human brain anatomy, an operculum (Latin, meaning "little lid") (pl. opercula), may refer to the frontal, temporal, or parietal operculum, which together cover the insula as the opercula of insula.

The ciliospinal center (in Latin: centrum ciliospinale) is a structure which receives input from the pretectum, and has output to the superior cervical ganglion.

The callosal sulcus is a sulcus in the brain between the cingulate gyrus and corpus callosum, below the longitudinal cerebral fissure.

Consciousness after death is a common theme in society and culture in the context of life after death.

How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed is a non-fiction book about brains, both human and artificial, by the inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil.