Flashcards: Brain disorders

Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant inherited prion disease of the brain.

Abnormal posturing is an involuntary flexion or extension of the arms and legs, indicating severe brain injury.

Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification, also known as Fahr disease, is a rare, genetically dominant, inherited neurological disorder characterized by abnormal deposits of calcium in areas of the brain that control movement.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as just Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time.

Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development.

Rasmussen's encephalitis, also known as chronic focal encephalitis (CFE), is a rare inflammatory neurological disease, characterized by frequent and severe seizures, loss of motor skills and speech, hemiparesis (paralysis on one side of the body), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and dementia.

Brain abscess (or cerebral abscess) is an abscess caused by inflammation and collection of infected material, coming from local (ear infection, dental abscess, infection of paranasal sinuses, infection of the mastoid air cells of the temporal bone, epidural abscess) or remote (lung, heart, kidney etc.) infectious sources, within the brain tissue.

Prosopagnosia /ˌprɑːsəpæɡˈnoʊʒə/ (Greek: "prosopon" = "face", "agnosia" = "not knowing"), also called face blindness, is a cognitive disorder of face perception where the ability to recognize familiar faces, including one's own face (self-recognition), is impaired, while other aspects of visual processing (e.g., object discrimination) and intellectual functioning (e.g., decision making) remain intact.

Lissencephaly, which literally means smooth brain, is a rare brain formation disorder caused by defective neuronal migration during the 12th to 24th weeks of gestation resulting in a lack of development of brain folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci).

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and usually fatal viral disease characterized by progressive damage (-pathy) or inflammation of the white matter (leuko-) of the brain (-encephalo-) at multiple locations (multifocal).

Encephalopathy /ɛnˌsɛfəˈlɒpəθi/ means disorder or disease of the brain.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is the occurrence of confusion, altered level of consciousness, and coma as a result of liver failure.

Hashimoto's encephalopathy, also known as steroid responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), is a neourological condition characterized by encephalopathy, thyroid autoimmunity, and good clinical response to steroids.

Lissencephaly 2, more commonly called Norman–Roberts syndrome, is a rare form of lissencephaly caused by a mutation in the reelin gene.

VLDLR-associated cerebellar hypoplasia (VLDLRCH; alternative names: dysequilibrium syndrome, DES; nonprogressive cerebellar disorder with mental retardation) is a rare autosomal recessive condition caused by a disruption of the VLDLR gene.

Basal ganglia disease refers to a group of physical dysfunctions that occur when the group of nuclei in the brain known as the basal ganglia fail to properly suppress unwanted movements or to properly prime upper motor neuron circuits to initiate motor function.

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), also termed symptomatic hydrocephalus, is a type of brain malfunction caused by expansion of the lateral cerebral ventricles and distortion of the fibers in the corona radiata.

Medial medullary syndrome, also known as inferior alternating syndrome, hypoglossal alternating hemiplegia, lower alternating hemiplegia, or Dejerine syndrome, is a type of alternating hemiplegia characterized by a set of clinical features resulting from occlusion of the anterior spinal artery.

Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) is the degeneration of neurons in specific areas of the brain – the cerebellum, pons, and inferior olives.

Acute cerebellar ataxia of childhood is a childhood condition characterized by an unsteady gait, most likely secondary to an autoimmune of postinfectious cause, drug induced or paraneoplastic.

Gomez-Lopez-Hernandez Syndrome (GLH) or cerebellotrigeminal-dermal dysplasia is a rare neurocutaneous(Phakomatosis) disorder affecting the trigeminal nerve and causing several other neural and physical abnormalities.

Meningioangiomatosis is a rare disease of the brain.

In medicine, cerebral softening (encephalomalacia) is a localized softening of the brain substance, due to hemorrhage or inflammation.

Cortical blindness is the total or partial loss of vision in a normal-appearing eye caused by damage to the brain's occipital cortex.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), also known as congophilic angiopathy, is a form of angiopathy in which amyloid deposits form in the walls of the blood vessels of the central nervous system.

Ventriculitis is the inflammation of the ventricles in the brain.

The cerebellopontine angle is the anatomic space between the cerebellum and the pons filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Aqueductal stenosis is a narrowing of the aqueduct of Sylvius which blocks the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricular system.

Ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism.

Hypertensive leukoencephalopathy refers to a degeneration of the white matter of the brain following a sudden increase in blood pressure.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is brain damage caused by events after birth, rather than as part of a genetic or congenital disorder such as fetal alcohol syndrome, perinatal illness or perinatal hypoxia.

Cerebral hypoxia is a form of hypoxia (reduced supply of oxygen), specifically involving the brain; when the brain is completely deprived of oxygen, it is called cerebral anoxia.

COACH syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, Oligophrenia (developmental delay/mental retardation), Ataxia, Coloboma, and Hepatic fibrosis.

A sports-related traumatic brain injury is relatively uncommon, yet it is a serious accident which may lead to significant morbidity or mortality.