Flashcards: Audiology - Lecture 1

•Someone wants to speak and verbally express information in an oral format.

•A listener picks up the acoustic information provided by the talker.

•The listener takes that information and transfers it to a neural signal, which is processed by their brain.

1) effective language use by the speaker: proper grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure

2) speech detection capability by the listener: ability to detect and perceive speech sounds. They should have intact auditory perception and processing.

sound

For a message to be discriminated and understood, the language used by the speaker needs to be comprehensible to the listener. They need to use the same language, grammar, syntax, and shared vocabulary.

Even if the language used by the speaker and listener is the same, a hearing impaired person can impede the listener's ability to understand the message.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

private, nonprofit organization that develops and accredits standards across various industries. They calibrate the equipment to ensure accurate measurements and consistent results.

Sound is energy that is transmitted through pressure waves that are a byproduct of force applied to sound.

waveform and spectrograms

vertical axis

horizontal axis

frequency, time, intensity

physical measurement of sound energy and it is objective.

in decibels (dB). It is a logarithmic scale.

No. It represents the reference level or threshold of human hearing.

the subjective perception of sound intensity by an individual

frequency or pitch

The objective measurement predetermined according to the audiometer dial

the psychological correlate to frequency. It is subjective of how high or low a sound is. It is affected by the individual's sensation, intensity, and patient's annoyance to the sound.

vowels, /m/, /n/

/l/, /r/, /w/, /j/

/sh/, /f/, /th/

the speech signal

the outer ear, the middle ear, the inner ear

the pinna and the ear canal (EAM)

the visible, external part of the outer ear.

tube-like structure that extends from the opening of the outer ear to the eardrum (TM)

1) Risk perforating the eardrum (TM)

2) Wax prevents bugs from entering the canal

sound detection

2500 Hz

5000 Hz

enhanced by the structures

the direction from which the sound is coming

sounds coming from one side of the head are partially blocked by the head itself, resulting in difference of sound intensity between the two ears

finding the sound

it helps them determine if the sound is in front or behind them

it can also aid in detecting the angle of origin in reference to the ear

cartilaginous portion, which is a continuation of the pinna

the bony part which leads to the skull

direct sound towards the eardrum and protection of the ear drum

S shape to protect against sand, bugs, etc.

a controlled temperature within the ear. It is an effective tool for identifying illness.

wax

repels foreign bodies

It is part of the chain of sound transmission

thin, semitransparent membrane

three layers

sound pressure

helps examine the ear canal and ear drum. The cone of light is light that can be seen on the eardrum's surface.

In the middle ear

malleus, incus, stapes

attached to the eardrum and it vibrates in response to sound waves then transfers sound to the incus and stapes

air

fluid

closed

to chew, yawn, or swallow or to maintain pressure on either side of TM

stuffy

rupture the eardrum and alter the perception of sound

the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth

keeps the membranous labyrinth from bumping into the bony labyrinth

it is within the membranous labyrinth

semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea

they are involved in balance

superior, lateral, and posterior

the sensory organ of hearing

snail-shape

scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani

the round and oval windows

tonotopically, which means that some regions are sensitive to different frequencies of sound. low frequencies on the inside and high frequencies on the outside.

Sound enters the ear canal, then reaches the tympanic membrane. The sound waves cause the TM to vibrate which causes the ossicular movement of the incus, malleus, and stapes. The stapes bone hits the oval window, which is connected to the cochlea. Inside the cochlea is the organ of corti which has hair cells which turn the vibration of sound into electrical impulses. The electrical impulses are sent to the brain to be discriminated.

1) sound waves enter the pinna

2) They travel down the ear canal

3) They reach the tympanic membrane/ ear drum

4) They reach the ossicles and vibrate

5) They reach the cochlea

- it bypasses the outer and middle ear and sends sounds directly to the outer ear

- it does not go through the ear canal or vibrate the TM

- it directly stimulates the cochlea

directly stimulating the temporal bone

hearing through bone conduction would be affected

anatomical structures involved in the transmission of sounds from the outer ear to the cochlea. Outer, middle, inner ear.

a central auditory processing deficit

central hearing loss

the sound is being transmitted through the outer and middle ears effectively, but once it leaves the cochlea, the message gets disrupted

a variety of tests need to be completed

Hearing aids primarily amplify sound and enhance the audibility of speech and environmental sounds. However, individuals with central hearing loss may have challenges in processing and interpreting the amplified sounds effectively.

•These are individuals who have something structurally wrong.

•Cracked temporal bone

•Stapes fixation – stuck in place, no vibration

•Ossicular discontinuity – one bone isn’t working

•Hair cells – died off

•Wax

conductive, sensorineural, mixed

when there is an issue with the middle ear

•Fluid

•Wax

•Foreign body

•Perforation

yes they are often treatable

a type of hearing loss that occurs due to problems in the cochlea, the neural pathways, or the sensory systems within the auditory system.

the cochlea, or the neural pathway from the cochlea to the auditory cortex, or a combination of both.

no it is typically untreatable and therefore permanent

the damage typically begins with the sensory receptors within the cochlea, which are the hair cells

•the hair cells (many many hair cells) are destroyed

•This is the first step- eventually, the destruction will continue along afferent nerve fibers, eventually rising up the pathway of the auditory system

no If the damage went from the organ of Corti, up the ascending pathways towards the auditory cortex, these individuals now have RETROCOCHLEAR pathology

•BEYOND the cochlea

•Dizziness

•Tinnitus

•Gait issues

VIII Auditory

IX Glossopharyngeal

XII Hypoglossal

1) carrying auditory information from the cochlea to the auditory cortex for sound discrimination and understanding.

2) transmitting information related to balance and equilibrium from the vestibular system to the brain

•VNG – balance test

•MRI

ABR - Auditory Brainstem Response

basal damage (outside of the cochlea)

•apex damage (the inner portion of the cochlea)

an abnormal sense of loudness growth and altered production of speech sounds

there is a problem in the transmission of sound through the outer and/or middle ear. In this case, the cochlea itself is functioning normally, but the sound waves are not reaching it effectively.

•Infection

•Wax

•Perforation of TM

- Ossiculardysfunction

a combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. It means that there is damage or dysfunction in both the middle ear and the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve pathway.

If the cochlea is independently stimulated, for example, through direct sound presentation, it may still yield better results compared to when sound has to pass through the compromised middle ear. This is because the cochlea itself may be functioning relatively better than the middle ear in this scenario.

hearing loss occurred before the development of language, may have limited or no exposure to spoken language during critical periods of language acquisition.

knows how words should sound before losing hearing

it could cause them to be behind in school or cause a social and emotional boundary

•Isolation

•Depression

•Frustration

employment, family, and finance

They specialize in the study of hearing and disorders of hearing

They play a crucial role in the assessment, diagnosis, and intervention of various hearing-related conditions

•Promote healthy hearing, quality of life

•Hearing, balance, tinnitus, auditory processing, newborn hearing screening

•Intraoperative monitoring, CI programming, hearing aids, assistive devices

focuses on identifying the loss and then managing their educational needs

work primarily with noise-induced losses, or age-related losses, and providing amplification to these individuals

work for organizations such as OSHA to make sure that places of employment demonstrate safe listening levels

•Private practice

•ENT

•Hospitals

•Schools

•Manufacturer

•VA

University clinic

1) In the past, a bachelor's degree was the minimum educational requirement for practicing as an audiologist.

2) The master's degree became the minimum requirement for audiology practice, and it remained so until the late 1980s

3) In the late 1980s, advocacy efforts began to emphasize the need for a doctoral degree as the entry-level requirement for audiology practice

4) The Doctor of Audiology (AuD) degree emerged as the new entry-level degree in audiology.

•either the CAA or the ACAE

•Council on Academic Accreditation/Accreditation Commission for Audiology Education

•not required, but preferred since many states require this for licensure

•There is also F-AAA, which is Fellow of the American Academy of Audiology

audiologists in New Jersey are no longer required to obtain a separate hearing aid dispensing license in addition to their audiology license in order to provide amplification services, such as fitting and dispensing hearing aids.

the New Jersey Board of Consumer Affairs and the New Jersey Board of Hearing Aid Dispensers.

A high school diploma and passing a national HIS exam.

Hearing Instrument Specialist