Flashcards: Antioxidants

Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals).

Octyl gallate is the ester of 1-octanol and gallic acid.

Astringin is a stilbenoid.

Cetyl alcohol /ˈsiːtəl/, also known as hexadecan-1-ol and palmityl alcohol, is a fatty alcohol with the formula CH3(CH2)15OH.

Melatonin, chemically N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine, is a substance found in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria.

Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoid.

Ascorbic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties.

Lycopene from the neo-Latin lycopersicum, the tomato species, is a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment and phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons, gac, and papayas, although not in strawberries, or cherries.

Bromhexine is a mucolytic (expectorant) agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus.

Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.

Glutathione reductase (GR) also known as glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSR gene.

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), also known as dibutylhydroxytoluene, is a lipophilic organic compound, chemically a derivative of phenol, that is useful for its antioxidant properties.

Sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogen sulfite) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaHSO3.

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole.

Quercetin /ˈkwɜːrsᵻtᵻn/ is a flavonol found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, and grains.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O2−) radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Potassium lactate is a compound with formula KC3H5O3, or H3C-CHOH-COOK.

Taxifolin is a flavanonol, a type of flavonoid.

Diphenylamine is an organic compound with the formula (C6H5)2NH.

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is an antioxidant phytoestrogen present in flax, sunflower, sesame, and pumpkin seeds.

Sodium lactate is the sodium salt of lactic acid, and has a mild saline taste.

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid.

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs, EC 1.11.1.15; HGNC root symbol PRDX) are a ubiquitous family of antioxidant enzymes that also control cytokine-induced peroxide levels and thereby mediate signal transduction in mammalian cells.

Calcium lactate is a black or white crystalline salt made by the action of lactic acid on calcium carbonate.

Idebenone (pronounced eye-deb-eh-known, trade names Catena, Raxone, Sovrima, among others) is a drug that was initially developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive defects.

Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), is a medication used to treat paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose and to loosen thick mucus such as in cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Piceatannol is a stilbenoid, a type of phenolic compound.

Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid chemically related to resveratrol.

Lipoic acid (LA), also known as α-lipoic acid and alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and thioctic acid is an organosulfur compound derived from octanoic acid.

Lutein (/ˈluːtiː.ᵻn/ or /ˈluːtiːn/; from Latin luteus meaning "yellow") is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids.

The lignans are a group of chemical compounds found in plants.

Retinol (Vitamin A1) is one of the animal forms of vitamin A.

Tocotrienols are members of the vitamin E family.

Matairesinol is a plant lignan.

Propyl gallate, or propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol.

Bisacurone (C15H24O3) is an active compound of the herb Curcuma longa L.

N-Acetylserotonin (NAS), also known as normelatonin, is a naturally occurring chemical intermediate in the endogenous production of melatonin from serotonin.

Retinyl palmitate, or vitamin A palmitate, is the ester of retinol (vitamin A) and palmitic acid, with formula C36H60O2.

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (EC 1.11.1.9) is the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage.

Glutaredoxins are small redox enzymes of approximately one hundred amino-acid residues that use glutathione as a cofactor.

N,N'-Di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine is an aromatic amine used industrially as an antioxidant to prevent degradation of turbine oils, transformer oils, hydraulic fluids, lubricants, waxes, and greases.

Coenzyme Q10, also known as ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, coenzyme Q, and abbreviated at times to CoQ10 /ˌkoʊ ˌkjuː ˈtɛn/, CoQ, or Q10 is a coenzyme that is ubiquitous in the bodies of most animals.

Probucol is an anti-hyperlipidemic drug initially developed in the treatment of coronary artery disease.

Ethoxyquin is a quinoline-based antioxidant used as a food preservative in certain countries and a pesticide (under commercial names such as "Stop-Scald") to control scald on pears after harvest.

3-Indolepropionic acid (IPA), or indole-3-propionic acid, is a potent neuroprotective antioxidant and plant auxin that is being studied for therapeutic use in Alzheimer's disease.

XJB-5-131 is a synthetic antioxidant.

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) is a naturally-occurring flavone found in Godmania aesculifolia, Tridax procumbens, and primula tree leaves.

Paroxypropione (INN) (brand names Frenantol, Frenormon, Hypophenon, Paroxon, Possipione, Profenone, numerous others; former developmental code name NSC-2834), also known as paroxypropiophenone (P.O.P.) or 4'-hydroxypropiophenone, is a synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen that has been used medically as an antigonadotropin in Spain and Italy.

2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is an organic compound with the structural formula 2,6-((CH3)3C)2C6H3OH.

Mesalazine (INN, BAN), also known as mesalamine (USAN) or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), is an aminosalicylate anti-inflammatory drug used to treat inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, inflamed anus or rectum, and to maintain remission in Crohn's disease.

Pyritinol also called pyridoxine disulfide or pyrithioxine (European drug names Encephabol, Encefabol, Cerbon 6) is a semi-synthetic water-soluble analog of vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine HCl).

MitoQ is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant designed to accumulate within mitochondria in vivo in order to protect against oxidative damage.

Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) is a water-soluble analog of vitamin E sold by Hoffman-LaRoche.

6-Hydroxymelatonin (6-OHM) is a naturally-occurring, endogenous, major active metabolite of the neurotransmitter melatonin.

4-tert-Butylcatechol (TBC) is an organic chemical compound which is a derivative of catechol.

Edaravone (brand name ラジカット, Radicut) is a nootropic and neuroprotective agent used for the purpose of aiding neurological recovery following acute brain ischemia and subsequent cerebral infarction.

Ellagic acid is a natural phenol antioxidant found in numerous fruits and vegetables.

2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol is an alkylated phenol used industrially as an antioxidant, e.

S-Allyl cysteine (SAC) is an organic compound that is a natural constituent of fresh garlic.