Flashcards: Amino acids

Proline (abbreviated as Pro or P; encoded by the codons CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Histidine (abbreviated as His or H; encoded by the codons CAU and CAC) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) is a compound that is a specific agonist for the AMPA receptor, where it mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q; encoded by the codons CAA and CAG) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Serine (abbreviated as Ser or S) encoded by the codons UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Felinine, also known as (R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-ylthio)propanoic acid, is a chemical compound and amino acid found in cat urine and a precursor via microbial lyase of the putative cat pheromone and thiol called 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol (MMB).

Tryptophan (abbreviated as Trp or W; encoded by the codon UGG) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Asparagine (abbreviated as Asn or N) encoded by the codons AAU and AAC.

Cysteine (abbreviated as Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.

Threonine (abbreviated as Thr or T) encoded by the codons ACU, ACC, ACA, and ACG is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Homocysteine /ˌhoʊmoʊˈsɪstiːn/ is a non-protein α-amino acid.

Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is an amino acid, representing an epsilon-carboxy derivative of lysine.

Cystine is the oxidized dimer form of the amino acid cysteine and has formula (SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H)2.

The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid.

Selenocysteine (abbreviated as Sec or U, in older publications also as Se-Cys) is the 21st proteinogenic amino acid.

Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid (ODAP) is a structural analogue of the neurotransmitter glutamate found in the grass pea Lathyrus sativus.

Ornithine is a non proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle.

Ibotenic acid or (S)-2-amino-2-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl) acetic acid, also referred to as ibotenate, is a chemical compound and psychoactive drug which occurs naturally in Amanita muscaria and related species of mushrooms typically found in the temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere.

(2S,4R)-4-Hydroxyproline, or L-hydroxyproline (C5H9O3N), is a common non-proteinogenic amino acid, abbreviated as Hyp, e.

Pregabalin, marketed under the brand name Lyrica among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and generalized anxiety disorder.

Nitrotyrosine is a product of tyrosine nitration mediated by reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite anion and nitrogen dioxide.

Sarcosine, also known as N-methylglycine, is an intermediate and byproduct in glycine synthesis and degradation.

Norleucine (abbreviated as Nle) is an amino acid with the formula CH3(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H.

Creatine (/ˈkriːətiːn/ or /ˈkriːətɪn/) is a nitrogenous organic acid that occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply energy to all cells in the body, primarily muscle.

4-Aminobenzoic acid (also known as para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA because the number 4 carbon in the benzene ring is also known as the para position) is an organic compound with the formula H2NC6H4CO2H.

Kainic acid (kainate) is a natural marine acid present in some seaweed.

Coprine is a mycotoxin.

Domoic acid (DA) is a kainic acid analog neurotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).

Argininosuccinic acid is a chemical compound that is a basic amino acid.

Fluciclovine, also known as anti-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (FACBC), or as Axumin (brand name), and colloquially as anti-3[18F] FACBC or F18, is a diagnostic agent "indicated for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in men with suspected prostate cancer recurrence based on elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels.

Valine (abbreviated as Val or V) encoded by the codons GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Rebamipide, an amino acid derivative of 2-(1H)-quinolinone, is used for mucosal protection, healing of gastroduodenal ulcers, and treatment of gastritis.

UBP-302 is a highly selective kainate receptor antagonist used in the study of many neurological processes.

L-threo-3-Methylaspartate is an unusual amino acid formed by glutamate mutase and can be metabolised by methylaspartate ammonia-lyase.

In molecular biology, Vitamin D binding protein domain III protein domain is predominantly found in Vitamin D binding proteins (DBP).

β-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) is an isomer of the amino acid aminobutyric acid with the chemical formula C4H9NO2.

Glutamate-5-semialdehyde is a non-proteinogenic amino acid involved in the biosynthesis of proline and arginine (via ornithine), as well as in the biosynthesis of antibiotics, such as carbapenems.

L-Homocitrulline is an amino acid and a metabolite of ornithine in human metabolism and mammalian.

Phosphoserine (abbreviated as SEP or J) is an ester of serine and phosphoric acid.

L-DOPA (/ˌɛlˈdoʊpə/ or levodopa /ˌlɛvoʊˈdoʊpə/) (alt., L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is a chemical that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, some animals and plants.

Thyronine is a deiodinated form of thyroxine.

Mimosine or leucenol is an alkaloid, β-3-hydroxy-4 pyridone amino acid.

Acetyllysine (or acetylated lysine) is an acetyl-derivative of the amino acid lysine.

Allylglycine is a glycine derivative.

Atagabalin (PD-0200,390) is a drug developed by Pfizer and related to gabapentin, which similarly binds to the α2δ calcium channels (1 and 2).

PD-217,014 is a drug developed by Pfizer and related to gabapentin, which similarly binds to the α2δ calcium channels (1 and 2).

Quisqualic acid is an agonist of the AMPA, kainate, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, and one of the most potent AMPA receptor agonists known.

Caramboxin (CBX) is a toxin found in star fruit (Averrhoa carambola)).

Methionine is an essential amino acid in humans.

Glutamic acid (abbreviated as Glu or E; encoded by the codons GAA or GAG) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Gabapentin enacarbil (Horizant (in USA), Regnite (in Japan), formerly known as XP-13512) is a prodrug for the anticonvulsant and analgesic drug gabapentin.

γ-Glutamylmethylamide (gamma-Glutamylmethylamide, abbrev. GMA, synonyms N-methyl-L-glutamine, metheanine) is an amino acid analog of the proteinogenic amino acids L-glutamic acid and L-glutamine, found primarily in plant and fungal species; simply speaking, it is L-glutamine methylated on the amide nitrogen.

γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) (brand names Gamibetal, Gabomade, Aminoxan, Bogil, Diastal, Gabimex, Gaboril, Kolpo), or β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-hydroxy-GABA), is an anticonvulsant which is used for the treatment of epilepsy in Europe, Japan, and Mexico.

L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (or L-AP4) is a drug used in scientific research, which acts as a group-selective agonist for the group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4/6/7/8).

S-Methylmethionine (SMM) is a derivative of methionine with the chemical formula (CH3)2S+CH2CH2CH(NH3+)CO2−.

Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R) encoded by the codons CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K), encoded by the codons AAA and AAG, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

AP5 or APV ((2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid; (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate) is a selective NMDA receptor antagonist that competitively inhibits the ligand (glutamate) binding site of NMDA receptors.

L-4-Chlorokynurenine (4-Cl-KYN; developmental code name AV-101) is an orally active small molecule prodrug candidate that in vivo produces a glycine binding site NMDA receptor antagonist.

3-Hydroxykynurenine is a metabolite of tryptophan, which filters UV light in the human lens.

Carboxyglutamic acid (or the conjugate base, carboxyglutamate), is an uncommon amino acid introduced into proteins by a post-translational carboxylation of glutamic acid residues.

(+)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid ((+)-CAMP) is a agonist for the GABAA-rho receptor.

(Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic acid (CACA, cis-4-aminocrotonic acid) is a GABA receptor partial agonist selective for the GABAA-ρ (previously known as GABAC) subtype.

Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A; encoded by the codons GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Hypoglycin A is a naturally-occurring amino acid derivative found in the unripened fruit of the Ackee tree (Blighia sapida).

L-(+)-(S)-Canavanine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in certain leguminous plants.

Ornithine oxoglutarate (OGO) or ornithine α-ketoglutarate (OKG) is a drug used in liver therapy.

Stizolobic acid is an amino acid found in the sap epicotyl tips of etiolated seedlings of Stizolobium hassjoo.

Streptolidine is an amino acid isolated from the hydrolyzate of the Streptomyces antibiotics streptothricin and streptolin.

Deoxypyridinoline, also called D-Pyrilinks, Pyrilinks-D, or deoxyPYD, is one of two pyridinium cross-links that provide structural stiffness to type I collagen found in bones.

2-Chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine or CHPG is an agonist of the metabotropic glutamate receptors, specific for mGluR5.

6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) is a glutamine antagonist, which was isolated originally from Streptomyces in a sample of Peruvian soil.

N′-Formylkynurenine is an intermediate in the catabolism of tryptophan.

Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

Mirogabalin (DS-5565) is a drug developed by Daiichi Sankyo and related to drugs such as gabapentin and pregabalin.

Arginine glutamate is a mixture of two amino acids, 50% arginine and 50% glutamic acid, used in liver therapy.

Nitroarginine, or Nω-nitro-L-arginine, is a nitro derivative of the amino acid arginine.

In biochemistry, non-coded, non-proteinogenic, or "unnatural" amino acids are those not naturally encoded or found in the genetic code of any organisms.

Nicotianamine is a metal-chelating molecule ubiquitous in higher plants.

β-Methylamino-L-alanine, or BMAA, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria.

O-Acetylserine is the α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2OC(O)CH3.

β-Alanine (or beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which is an amino acid in which the amino group is at the β-position from the carboxylate group (i.e., two atoms away, see Figure 1).

Saccharopine is an intermediate in the metabolism of amino acid lysine.

Pyroglutamic acid (also known as PCA, 5-oxoproline, pidolic acid, or pyroglutamate for its basic form) is an uncommon and little studied amino acid derivative in which the free amino group of glutamic acid or glutamine cyclizes to form a lactam.

1-Amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane (ACPD) is a chemical compound that binds to the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), acting as a mGluR agonist.

AP-7 is a selective NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist that competitively inhibits the glutamate binding site and thus activation of NMDAR.

L-Canaline (IUPAC name 2-amino-4-(aminooxy)butyric acid)) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid.

Eglumegad (LY354740) is a research drug developed by Eli Lilly and Company, which is being investigated for its potential in the treatment of anxiety and drug addiction.

Isoglutamine or α-glutamine is a gamma amino acid derived from glutamic acid by substituting the carboxyl group in position 1 with an amide group.

Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring amino acid and is a thiourea derivative of histidine, containing a sulfur atom on the imidazole ring.

Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is the amino acid which has hydrogen as its side chain.