broad spectrum; cephalosporins, clindamycin, fluroquinolones, extended-coverage penicillins
What kind of Antibiotics are usually the cause of AAD?
suppressed anaerobic flora interferes with carbohydrate & bile acid metabolism; a short chain acid is secreted; induced osmotic/secretory diarrhea
Explain the pathogenesis of AAD.
anaerobic Gm+ rod
What kind of bacterium is Clostridium difficile?
pseudomembraneous enterocolitis
-C.diff that produces toxins
transfer of spores via caregiver-patient or patient-patient
How is Pseudomembraneous Enterocolitis spread?
enterotoxic; cytotoxic
C.difficile toxins A & B are potent _____& _______.
attract neutrophils & monocytes to the area; increasing capillary permeability, tissue necrosis, hemorrhage, and edema
What do Toxins A & B cause the immune system to do?
IgG & IgA
Which C.diff antibodies were found in asymptomatic & mild infected patients?
b
Which stage of C.diff involves focal epithelial necrosis that has fibrin-rich exudates?
a) Third
b) Initial
c) Second
c
Which stage of C.diff is characterized by a mucosal ulceration that looks like a volcano lesion with exudate protruding out?
a) Third
b) Initial
c) Second
a
Which stage of C.diff has more severe mucosal ulceration, necrosis, and a pseudomembrane composed of fibrin & cellular debris?
a) Third
b) Initial
c) Second
b
Neutrophils are present in which stage of C.diff?
a) Third
b) Initial
c) Second
a
Leukocytes are present in which stage of C.diff?
a) Third
b) Initial
c) Second
yellow coalescent plaques in the colon
What are typical findings for pseudomembraneous enterocolitis?
flat raised lesions
What are hyperemic findings for pseudomembraneous enterocolitis?
NAP-1
-this strain of C.diff produces more toxin A & B and is AB resistant.
10%
What is the infection rate 2 weeks after hopsitalization?
50%
What is the infection rate 4 weeks after hopsitalization?