ETHICS AND ROBOTICS
Rafael Capurro
Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart
Università di Pisa, 17-18 Maggio 2007
„L‘uomo e la macchina. Passato e Presente“
Content
A. Meta-theoretical Questions
B. Techno-ethical Issues
1. General Background
2. Epistemological, ontological, and
psychoanalytic implications
3. Ethical aspects of man-machine relations
Conclusion
Bibliography
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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A. Meta-theoretical Questions
► From
which standpoint do we - as ethicists speak?
► And for whom?
► What are the consequences and what is the
(potential) field of application of an ethics of
human interaction with communication,
bionic and robotic systems (in the following
„techo-ethics“)?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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A. Meta-theoretical Questions
An important part of it should be an ethics of
technology design and production.
Techno-ethics should support strong,
contestatory democratic practice and citizen
activity that is involved in the creation of
techno-scientific artifacts.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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A. Meta-theoretical Questions
► The
leading question is how to design an
interdisciplinary process that also involves
engineers and technology designers in the
ongoing discussion.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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A. Meta-theoretical Questions
►A
second question is, whether or how is it
possible (and desirable) to develop a
general ethics for any kind of robots and
agents.
► In which case(s) do we need a
differentiation of fields of application and
types of robots / agents with regard to
ethical concerns?
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A. Meta-theoretical Questions
►A
third question should also be “cui bono?” For
whom and by whom are robots developed?
► Who fits the standards that robots and robotic
devices like AIBO, Pino, Paro, Kismet etc. embody?
► Do they contribute to deeper equality, keener
appreciation of heterogeneous multiplicity, and
stronger accountability for livable worlds?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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A. Meta-theoretical Questions
Besides that a reflection on the socio-cultural
context of the debate on robots and agents
is needed.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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A. Meta-theoretical Questions
What kind of societal conflicts and power
relations are intertwined in the production
and usage of agents and robots?
How does the fusion of science, technology,
industry and politics come into play?
What about the military interest in robotics
and agents?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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A. Meta-theoretical Questions
► Last
but not least a central task for technoethics is to learn the lessons from the
discussion on bioethics.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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A. Meta-theoretical Questions
For example: We should avoid abstract
discussions of the agency or intentionality of
agents and robots and reflect whether they
are helpful to work out the contest on the
future development and use of agents and
robots.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B.Techno-ethical Issues
1. General Background
The massive use of robots will change society
probably in a similar way as cars and
airplanes (and in former times: ships
etc.) did and it already changed society –
think of industrial robots in the workplace
who are an important factor with regard to
the growing unemployment in Europe.
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B. Techno-ethical Issues:
General…
This broad view of societal changes and
consequently of the view(s) of ourselves,
including our (moral) values, is fundamental
There may be a re-definition of what it
means to be human For instance the EU
Charter of Human Rights is human
centered. The massive use of robots may
challenge this anthropocentric perspective.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B.Techno-ethical Issues:
General…
Why do we want to live with robots? What do we
live with robots for? There are different levels of
reflection when answering these questions,
starting with the trivial one that robots can be very
useful and indeed indispensable for instance in
today’s industrial production or when dealing with
situations in which the dangers for humans are
big. But before reflection in this direction let us
take the perspective of what René Girard calls
”mimetic desire”.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B.Techno-ethical Issues
2. Epistemological, ontological, and
psychoanalytic implications
The relation between humans and robots can be
conceived as an envy relation in which humans
either envy robots for what they are or they envy
other humans for having robots that they do not
have. In the first case, envy can be positive in
case the robot is considered either as a model to
be imitated or negative in case the relationship
degenerates into rivalry.
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B.Techno-ethical Issues
2. Epistemological…
This last possibility is exemplified in many
science fiction movies and novels in which
robots and humans are supposed to
compete. Robots are then often represented
as emotion-free androids, lacking moral
sense and therefore less worth than
humans. Counter examples are for instance
2001: A Space Odyssey (Stanley Kubrick
1968) or Stanislaw Lem’s novel “Golem XIV”
(Lem 1981).
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B.Techno-ethical Issues
2. Epistemological…
The “mimetic conflict” (René Girard) arises not only
by the fact of imitating what a robot can do but
more basically of imitating what ‘it’ is supposed to
desire. But a robot’s desires are paradoxically our
own since we are the creators. The positive and
negative views of robots shine back into human
self-understanding leading to the idea of
enhancing human capabilities for instance by
implanting artificial devices in the human body.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B.Techno-ethical Issues
2. Epistemological…
When robots are used by humans for different
tasks, this creates a situation in which the
“mimetic desire” is articulated either as a
question of justice (a future robot divide) or
as new kind of envy. This time the object of
envy is not the robot itself but the other
human using/having it.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B.Techno-ethical Issues
2. Epistemological…
The foundational ethical dilemma with regard
to robots is thus not just the question of
their good or bad use but the question of
our relation to our own desire with all its
creative and destructive mimetic dynamism
that includes not only strategies such as
envy, rivalry and model but also their trivial
use as a tool that eventually turns to be a
question of social justice.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B.Techno-ethical Issues
2. Epistemological…
Robots can be seen as masks of human
desire. Our “mimetic desire” might influence
(but how far?) the exchange value they get
in the market place.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B.Techno-ethical Issues
2. Epistemological…
Our love affair with them opens a double bind
relationship that includes the whole range of
human passions, from indifference through
idealization until rivalry and violence
although this might not be the case with
regard to the contemporary state of the art
in robotics as they lack still much to much
intelligence and unpredictable behaviour.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B.Techno-ethical Issues
2. Epistemological…
It is the task of ethical reflection to go beyond
the economic dimension, i.e., to discover
the mechanism that makes possible the
invention, production, and use of robots of
all kinds. This mechanism is nothing else
than human mimetic passion(s) on an
individual as well as on a societal and global
scale.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
In a mythical sense robots are experienced by
our secularized and technological society as
scapegoat for what is conceived the
humanness of humanity whose most high
and global expression is the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. From this
mythical perspective, robots are the bad
and the good conscience of ourselves.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
In other words, an ethical reflection on robots
must take care of these pitfalls particularly
when considering the dangers of the
mimetic desire with regard to human
dignity, autonomy or data protection. It
must reflect the double bind relationship
between humans and robots.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
If robots mirror our mimetic desire we should
develop individual and social strategies in
order to unmask the unattainable object we
strive for that turns into a danger when it
looks like a fulfilment in view of which
everything including ourselves should be
regarded as mean to an end.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
The concept of human dignity is a hallmark
above and beyond our own desire. It is a
hallmark of self transcendence
independently of technological and/or
religious promises. It allows us to avoid
ideological or fundamentalist blockades by
regulating at the same time the dynamic of
mimetic desire.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
The concept of robot is ambiguous. According to
Karel Čapek who first coined the term, a robot is a
human like artificial device, an android, that is able
to perform autonomously, i.e., without permanent
human guidance, different kind of tasks
particularly in the field of industrial production.
Anthropomorphic robots but also artificial devices
imitating different kinds of living beings have a
long tradition. Today’s industrial robots are often
not human like.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
There is a tension between technoid and
naturoid artificial products [Negrotti 1995,
1999, 2002]. The concept of artificiality
itself is related to something produced by
nature and imitated by man. Creating
something similar but not identical to a
natural product points to the fact that
anything to be qualified as artificial should
make a difference with regard to the natural
or the “original” (Negrotti).
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
Robots are mostly conceived as physical agents.
With the rise of information technology softbots
or software agents have been developed that have
also impact in the physical world so that it is
difficult to draw a clear border.
This is also the case with regard to the hybridization
between humans and robots (cyborgs).
In fact, not only individuals but society as a whole is
concerned with a process of cyborgization.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
What are robots? They are products of human
dreams (Brun 1992, Capurro 1995). Every
robotic idea entails the hidden object of our
desire. Robots are thus like the images of
the gods (Greek: agalma) inside the mask
of a satyr.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
According to Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic
interpretation (Lacan 1991), following the
Platonic narrative of the love encounter
between Socrates and Alcibiades in the
“Symposium” (Symp. 222), such “small
objects” are the unattainable and impossible
goal of human desire.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
Plato describes in the “Timaeus” the work of
the demiurge shaping the world as a
resemblance (agalma) of the divine as a
work of joy and therefore as an incentive to
make the copy more similar to the original
(parádeigma) (Tim. 37c).
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
In sum, our values or the goal of our desire
are embedded into all our technological
devices and particularly in the kind of
products that mimicry our human identity.
Therefore, the question is not only which
values are we trying to realize through them
but why are we doing this?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
Robots are a mirror of shared cultural values
that show to us and to others who we want
to be. We redefine ourselves in comparison
with robots in a similar way as we redefine
ourselves in comparison with animals or
with gods. Theses redefinitions have farreaching economic and cultural implications.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
2. Epistemological…
► But,
who is the “we” of this kind of
psychoanalytic discourse?
► What about an engineering culture which is
mostly involved in the development &
design of robots?
► In gender approaches “we” have the claim
of a masculine culture of technology
production. Do all people have the same
kind of double-bind relationship to robots?
► And what about cultural differences?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects of man-machine
relations
► How do we live in a technological
environment?
► What is the impact of robots on society?
► How do we (as users) handle robots?
► What methods and means are used today to
model the interface between man and
machine?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
► What
to think about the mimicry of
emotions and stereotypes of social norms?
► What kind of language / rhetoric is used in
describing the problem of agent and bots –
and which one do we want to use?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
In AI and robotics we can often find a sloppy usage
of language which supports anthropomorphising
agents. This language often implies the
intentionality and autonomy of agents – for
example when researcher speak of learning,
experience, emotion, decision making (and so on)
of agents.
► How are we in science and in our social practices
going to handle this problem?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
Robots are not ready-made products of engineers
and computer scientists but devices and emerging
technologies in the making.
► What are the consequences of the fact that
today ICT devices are developed by computer
scientists and engineers only?
► What is the meaning of the relation master-slave
with regard to robots?
► What is the meaning of robot as a partner in
different settings?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
Recent research on social robots is focussing on the
creation of interactive systems that are able to
recognise others, interpret gestures and verbal
expressions, which recognize and express
emotions and that are capable of social learning.
► A central question concerning social robotics is
how "building such technologies shapes our selfunderstanding, and how these technologies impact
society" (Breazeal 2002, 5).
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
To understand the implications of these
developments it is important to analyse
central concepts of social robotics like the
social, sociality, human nature and humanstyle interactions.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
Main questions are:
► What concepts of sociality are translated
into action by social robotics?
► How is social behaviour conceptualised,
shaped, or instantiated in software
implementation processes?
► And what kind of social behaviours do we
want to shape and implement into
artefacts?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
There is a tendency to develop robots
modeling some aspects of human behavior
instead of developing an android (Arnall
2003). Relative autonomy is a goal for
physical robots as well as for softbots.
► What is the meaning of the concept of
autonomy in robotics?
► What are the affinities and differences
between the robotic discourse and the
philosophical discourse?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
Obviously, we can experience a strong bidirectional
travel of the concept of autonomy (as well as that
of sociality, emotion and intelligence) between
very diverse discourses and disciplines.
► How does the concept transfer between the
disciplines and especially the strong impact of
robotics change the traditional meanings of
concepts like autonomy, sociality, emotion and
intelligence?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
Having regard to the EU Charter of
Fundamental Rights, particularly
Art. 1 Human dignity
Art. 3 Right to the integrity of the person
Art. 6 Right to liberty and security
Art. 8 Protection of personal data
Art. 25 The rights of the elderly
Art. 26 Integration of persons with disabilities
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
The questions are:
(a) Who is responsible for undesired results of
actions carried out by human-robot hybrid teams?
(b) How is the monitoring and processing of
personal data by AI agents to be regulated?
(c) Can bionic implants be used to enhance, rather
than restore, physical and intellectual capabilities?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
An answer might be that all three questions address
possibilities that have an immediate impact on
single human beings, since
► responsibility is traditionally attributed to single
actors (which includes individuals),
► the human right to privacy protects the ability to
live autonomously, and
► enhancements are for the benefit of a singular
person.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
The importance of robot-human-integration
goes beyond the level of the single
individual and address the question about
how society or community could and should
look like in which bots are integrated.
Probably only certain members of a society
or community will interact with certain kind
of bots, for instance entertainment bots for
rich people, service bots for elderly or ill
people etc.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
This kind of interaction with bots may also
build new forms of communities. Close
attention should be paid to what groups of
individuals are likely to interact with certain
kind of bots in a certain context while at the
same time keeping the perspective on the
impact of the specific interactions on the
communities and societies in which this
specific forms of interactions take place.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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B. Techno-ethical issues
3. Ethical aspects…
All three forms of human-bot integration may
include aspects of violation as well as
fostering of human rights and dignity. It
may not even ruled out that one and the
same technology may do have both positive
and negative effects. Surveillance
infrastructures may be considered harmful
with regard to privacy, but they may also
enable us to create new kinds of
communities.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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Conclusion
The potential benefits or harm may be caused
by certain forms of human-bot-integration.
► How to dissolve arising conflicts, especially
if there is a conflict between the individual
perspective and the perspective of a society
or community?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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Conclusion
Such kind of enhancements might be
considered a benefit to an individual but
also raise new questions such as
► whether only an elite might be able to
transform themselves into cyborgs
► or – another worse case scenario – whether
the unemployed would be forced to be have
some sorts of implants to enable them to do
certain jobs.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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Conclusion
At the time given, there is no need to address
the issue of whether bots should be seen as
persons. Present ethical questions raise the
point of human responsibility as a
fundamental issue to be addressed in an
ethical enquiry on techno-ethics.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
53
Conclusion
This includes questions such as:
► Who and how should according to which principles
adscript responsibility to whom in cases that
involve human-bot integration? and what should
be the consequences of such an adscription?
► Who is responsible for designing and maintaining
an infrastructure in which information about
persons is collected and processed?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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Conclusion
► How
does the possibility of invasive humanbot integration have influence on the
concept of responsibility? This includes
 Does the fact that a human being is enhanced
lead to a special kind of responsibility?
 What are the consequences for whose who are
responsible for providing the technology used
for enhancement?
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
55
Conclusion
When addressing the question of responsibility we
should take into account that there are different
levels of responsibility even when ascribing
responsibility to an individual which might be held
responsible
► for something with regard to her/his personal wellbeing, to the social environment (friends, family,
community),
► to his/her specific (professional or private) role
also as a citizen who is responsible to the society
or the state someone lives in, or as a human being
at all.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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Conclusion
Furthermore this does include the question
whether and how responsibility might be
delegated and whether institutions might be
moral responsible with regard to robots.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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Conclusion
Robots are less our slaves – which is a
projection of the mimetic desire of societies
in which slavery was permitted and/or
promoted – than a tool for human
interaction.
This throws questions of privacy and trust
(Arnall 2003, 59) but also of the way we
define ourselves as workers in industry,
service and entertainment.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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Conclusion
This concerns different kinds of cultural
approaches to robots in Europe and in other
cultures that may have different impact in a
global world. Different cultures have
different views on autonomy and human
dignity.
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Acknowledgements
Thanks to Guglielmo Tamburrini (University of
Naples), Michael Nagenborg (University of
Karlsruhe), Jutta Weber (University of
Duisburg-Essen) and Christoph Pingel,
(Karlsruhe Center for Art and Media) for
ongoing discussions on the relationship
between ethics and robotics within the
framework of the ETHICBOTS project.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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Problems and Open Challenges in Robot-Human Interaction. AISB 2005
Convention Social Intelligence and Interaction in Animals, Robots and Agents
at the University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK, 12-15th April 2005.
Rafael Capurro: Ethics and Robotics
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