Chapter 9 in you AP Book
Rem vs NREM

 Venn Diagram:
 REM:
EEG similar to waking
Most dreams happen here
Rapid eye movement
Irregular breathing& heart
rate
 Limb muscles paralyzed
 Takes 90 to hit 1st cycle




 In common:
 stages of sleep, we all experience
both
 NREM:
Stages 1-4
No rapid eye movement
Night terrors
Sleep walking/talking
Bed wetting
Enter as soon as you fall asleep
Night Terror vs. Nightmare

 Venn Diagram:
 Night terror:
 Stage 4
 Usually affect child
 Developmental
 No memory of it
 In common: unpleasant,
occur during sleep
 Nightmare:
 REM stage
 We all have these
 Occur at all times
throughout life
 We retain memory of
them
Introduction

Altered state of consciousness involves a
change in mental processes, not just feeling
more or less alert.
 Sleeping, meditation, hypnosis, drug use
Consciousness

 You are reading these words
 Everything you think and feel is part of your
conscious experience
 Consciousness: A state of awareness, including a
person’s feelings, sensations, ideas, and
perceptions.
Let’s Get it Straight

 Preconscious – level of consciousness outside your
awareness level, containing memories and feelings that you
can easily bring back to awareness level
 Nonconscious – the level completely and forever below
your awareness, contains physiological responses: like
blood flow, hormone secretion, principals of perception…
 Unconsciousness – loss of responsiveness from trauma,
disease, or anesthesia (someone on a coma)
 Unconscious / subconscious (psychodynamic term) –
Home of the id and all the hidden desires of you
personality
Sleep zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

Sleep is a state of altered
consciousness, characterized by
certain patterns of brain activity.
There are distinct characteristics
that define the multiple stages of
sleep
Introduction

Since at least the 1960’s, psychologists
have been studying altered states of
consciousness by having people sleep,
meditate, undergo hypnosis, take drugs
during laboratory, researchers can
observe changes in behavior and
measure changes in breathing, pulse
rate, body temperature, and brain
activity.
Sleep zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

 Sleep is a major part of human and animal behavior
Electroencephalogram (EEG)- Machine that
records the electrical activity of the brain
 Researchers have discovered 2 different types of
sleep patterns:
 Non- REM, no rapid eye movement
 REM, rapid eye movement
Stages of sleep

As you begin to fall asleep, your body
temperature declines, your pulse rate
drops, and your breathing grows slow
and even.
How Sleep Cycles
Progress

 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM…
At no point does your brain ever become
inactive during sleep, it actually works quite
hard cleaning & organizing.
Your brain prepares for the next day’s
activities and challenges.
Stages of sleep

 Stage 1 – quick sleep stage, hypnagogic
state
Your pulse rate and breathing slows more
Muscles relax
Loss of responsiveness to outside world
If awakened during stage 1, you would report that
your were “just drifting.”
 Lasts only 10 minutes, quick stage of sleep
 Theta waves




Stages of sleep

 Stage 2
 Brain waves - high frequency bursts or spindles
occur called K complexes/ or K spindles
 Eyes roll slowly from side to side
 Spend significant amount of time in this stage
Stages of sleep

 Stage 3
 30 minutes after entering stage 2
 Deeper stage of sleep
 EEG shows high amplitude, low frequency waves
and some delta waves begin
Stages of sleep

 Stage 4
Deepest sleep of all
EEG shows deep DELTA WAVES
Difficult to awaken in this stage
State of oblivion, you feel disoriented if alarm sounds
while in this stage
 Talking out loud, sleepwalking, night terrors, and
bed-wetting occur in this stage, leave no trace of
memory
 Slowed heart & respiration, lowered body
temperature, lower blood flow, growth hormone
secreted




Stage 4: Sleep disorder

Night Terrors
 Intense screaming and panic
 NREM, stage 4
 Usually during 1st few hours of sleep
 Drastic body movements
 Associated with panic
 Most likely to occur in children, child is inconsolable
Stage 4: Sleep Disorder

Sleep walking (somnambulism)random electrical impulses hit parts of
the brain that controls body movement
and speech (sleep talking), occurs during
stage 4
Other Sleep Disorders

 Insomnia
 Narcolepsy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Myaonferplk
 Sleep apnea
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6lxO6W2-m8
Stages of sleep

On average, a person spends 80% of
sleep time in Stages 1-4 ( known as
NREM or non-REM)
You spend on average 20% of sleep
time in final stage called REM =
“Rapid Eye Movement”
REM (Stage 5)

 REM - Rapid Eye Movement
 REM sleep: The period of sleep during which the
eyes dart back and forth (rapid eye movement) and
dreams and nightmares occurs, limb muscles are
temporarily paralyzed
 takes about 90 minutes before you hit this stage for
1st time during night
REM

 Pulse rate and breathing become irregular
 Levels of adrenal and sexual hormones in your
blood rise, as if you were in the middle of an
intensely emotional or physically demanding
activity
 Face and fingers twitch
 Brain sends out waves that closely resemble
those of a person who is fully awake = alpha
waves
 EEG similar to wakefulness
REM

 Called “active sleep”
 Lasts for about 10 minutes 1st time in it
 Throughout the night, time in REM sleep increase
 Usually enter REM 5 to 6 times per night
 Essential stage of sleep, your body keeps track of
time in REM like the bank
 If you are REM deprived for the week, your body
will force you into REM stage sooner and for longer
amounts of time – REM Rebound
REM Sleep

REM often referred to as Paradoxical Sleep
Why? What is a contradictory about REM
sleep?
Eyes move about rapidly, BUT skeletal
muscles paralyzed
Essential stage of sleep, BUT EEG
readings resemble Alpha (awake) waves
not deep(delta) sleep waves
Dreams

If you are dreaming, you are likely in
REM sleep
Nightmares are simply unpleasant
dreams, that happen in REM
Nightmares

 REM
 Usually occur in second half of night’s sleep
 Frightening quality, vivid images
 common to awaken in the
middle of them
 Have more if in REM Rebound
 Intensity of brain activity
Content of Dreams

 Large percentage of dreams we report are negative
or unpleasant
 Anxiety, anger, sadness
 We incorporate everyday activities into our dreams
 You can manipulate the content of a person’s dreams
 Light water spray 42%
 Light 23%
 Tone 9%
Dreams

Everyone dreams although most people only
recall only a few, if any of their dreams
As night wears on, dreams become longer
and more vivid and dramatic because we
spend more time in REM
Last dream is likely to be the longest and the
one people remember when they wake up
How much sleep do you
really need?

 Newborns
 16-18 hours
 50% of it in REM
 16 year olds
 10-11 hours of sleep, signs of sleep deprivation:
http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness10/10-results-sleep-loss?page=2
 Grad school
 8 hours
 Men & Women 70 years and older
 May need only 5 hours of sleep
 Amount of sleep a person needs may vary, it does appear that
everyone sleeps and that both types (REM and NREM) of sleep
are important to normal functioning.
That Dude is “tripping”

Peter Trip’s Story
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=nSNRdvusmQs
Freud & Dream
Interpretation

 Sigmund Freud 1st to argue that dreams are an important
part of our emotional lives & a window into our unconscious
mind (Id)
 Dreams are a psychological process
 “ The Interpretation of Dreams” published 1900
Dreams contain clues of desires the dreamer is afraid to
acknowledge or express in waking hours
 All dreams have two layers:
 1) hidden underlying meaning called latent content
 2) the storyline you remember or items in the dream are
called the manifest content
Dreams from the Psychodynamic
Perspective

 Dream dictionary
According to Freud you
may be actually

dreaming about…
 Female organs (Latent)
 Manifest – boxes, ovens, hollow objects, ships, closets,
wagons, caves, hats, pockets, drawers
 Male organs (Latent)
 Manifest -tree trunks, umbrellas, knives, airplanes,
trains, snakes, hoses, bullets
Dream Interpretation

Nathaniel Kleitman
 Pioneer of REM sleep, crushed previously
believed notions of sleep put forth by Freud
 “Dreaming may serve no function”
 Unimportant bi-product of stimulating certain
brain cells during sleep
McCarley & Hobson
(Cognitive Theorists)
 Hobson & McCarley,
 Activation-Synthesis Theory
1977
 This theory suggests that the physiological processes
of the brain cause dreams.
 Circuits in the brain stem are activated during REM
sleep = the pons generates bursts of action potentials
to the forebrain
 Our brain uses stored memories, experiences,
concerns, emotions and expectations to create stories
to make sense of the electrical impulses discharged
in the brain
Dream Theory

Cognitive Information Processing Theory People sleep in order to process information that has been
acquired during the day SLEEP = BRAIN CLEAN
 Sleep allows the brain to prepare for the next day
 Sleep helps transition info to long-term memory
 Babies need more REM than adults = they have lots more new
information to process
 Teens need more sleep than seniors
More Dream Theory

 Adaptive Theory of Sleep (Evolutionary Sleep Theory)
 Periods of activity and inactivity evolved as a means of
conserving energy.
 Unique waking-sleep cycle maximize our chances of
survival (for all animals including humans)
 Species sleep during periods of time when wakefulness
would be the most hazardous.
Dream Theory

 Evolutionary Theory Evidence:
 Animals that have few natural predators, such as
bears and lions, often sleep between 12 to 15 hours
each day. On the other hand, animals that have
many natural predators have only short periods of
sleep, usually getting no more than 4 or 5 hours of
sleep each day.
Meditation

 Focus concentration away from thoughts and
feelings in order to create calmness, tranquility and
inner peace
 Various methods of meditation
 Various proven health benefits
 Homework, READ article about meditation.
 Write a 1 paragraph summary, include methods and
health benefits
 Write 2nd paragraph your personal reaction to article
 We are meditating in class: bring yoga mat, towel or
blanket to lie on A day the 24th & B day Dec 1st 
Hypnosis

 Hypnosis: Is a form of altered consciousness in
which people become highly suggestible and do
not use their critical thinking skills.
 Subjects may recall in vivid detail incidents they had
forgotten or feel no pain when pricked with a needle
 Subjects are not asleep
 http://www.hypnotherapyacademy.com/?gclid=C
MGck6im8boCFe1FMgodXRsAzg
 http://www.hypnosis.edu/training/
Hypnosis

 Trace like state
 Highly receptive and responsive to certain internal
and external stimuli
 Able to focus on 1 tiny aspect of reality and ignore the
rest
 Hypnotist
 Induces a trance by slowly persuading a subject to
relax and to lose interest in external distractions
Hallucinations

 Hallucinations: Perceptions that have no direct
external cause, seeing, smelling, tasting, or feeling
things that do not exist
 Can produce hallucinations:
 Hypnosis, meditation, drugs, withdraw from drugs
 People hallucinate while dreaming and when
deprived of sleep
Drugs and Their Effects

 Covered in your AP Textbook assignment.
 Need to know the 4 categories of psychoactive drugs, what
they do to the body and examples of each
 1. Depressants – barbiturates, valium, alcohol
 2. Narcotics /Opioids– opium, heroin, morphine, Demerol,
methadone
 3. Stimulants -Ritalin, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
 (yes, for ADD & ADHD, you prescribe a hyper child a stimulant,
but it mellows out the child/ very counterintuitive but true)
 4. Hallucinogens – LSD, marijuana
Drugs and Their Effects

Psychological effects – person had intense
desire to use despite adverse effects
versus
Physiological dependence – blood chemistry
changes from taking the drug, need to take
drug repeatedly to avoid withdraw
symptoms