Do Now
 Is
passive resistance a more
effective tool than violent
resistance?
 When
would it be most effective?
 How can people resist passively?
Do you have an example?
Objectives






Explain India’s role during World War I
Explain nationalism in India and how it
led to resistance of the British
Describe the effects of non-violent
protests and Gandhi’s impact on
India’s quest for independence
Define the Rowlatt Act
Describe the Amritsar Massacre and
it’s effects on India (video clip)
Examine civil disobedience and some
of the repercussions that came of it
Homework

Read Chapter 15 Section 5 and
complete questions 1, 3 and 4
Review


India was greatly exploited during the
Age of Imperialism.
India was the Jewel in the British
Crown and was treated as a place to
exploit
World War I: India




Contributed to British war effort
providing men and resources.
About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and
laborers served in Europe, Africa, and
the Middle East
Indian government sent large supplies
of food, money, and ammunition
British promised Indians greater selfgovernment
Nationalism after WWI

Nationalist activity
began in India,
Turkey, and some of
the Southwest
Asian countries
Indian Nationalism Grows

-
Indians applies European views of
nationalism and democracy
Even though Hindus and Muslim were
divided, they had the same goal:
Independence
Nationalist Activity


India wanted self-government
Joined the British army
– thought they would gain more rights in
government
But NO, still treated poorly
– Angered Indians acted violently
– British Governments formed
“Rowlatt Act” : protesters in prison without
trial.
 Educated Indians denied this law, rebelled

Unhappy


After WWI Britain proposed only a few
minor reforms
People in Northern India were
unhappy and protests sparked riots
and attacks on British residents
GANDHI
Mohandas Gandhi, often called the Mahatma or
“Great Soul” was born in India on October 2,
1869.
His ideas inspired Indians of all religious and
ethnic backgrounds.
Non-violent protests caught the attention of the
British government and the rest of the world
Rowlatt Act




Passed by British in colonial India
March 1919 in order to control public
unrest and root out conspiracy.
British judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt
Authorized government to imprison for
a max of two years, without trial, any
person suspected of terrorism India
Gave British imperial authorities power
to deal with revolutionary activities.
Rowlatt Act (Cont.)



Mohandas Gandhi was extremely
critical of the Act and argued that not
everyone should be punished in
response to isolated political crimes.
Gandhi found that constitutional
opposition to the measure was
fruitless, so on April 6, a "hartal" was
organized where Indians would
suspend all business and fast as a sign
of their hatred for the legislation.
Called the Rowlatt satyagraha.
Do Now



Would Gandhi’s nonviolent approach
work in the United States? Why or
why not?
How can we compare the revolts in
Libya and Egypt to the Indian
Independence movement?
Are both countries experiencing similar
hardship?
Objectives



Explain the Amritsar Massacre and its
repercussions
Differentiate nonviolence movements
and passive movements
Analyze movie clip on Amritsar
Massacre
Amritsar Massacre April 1919

Hindus and Muslim gather
in Amritsar
– angered British
– British government forbid
public meetings.
– British commander told the
army to kill them-> 400
died. 1200 wounded
– Angered India

Loyal Indians
revolutionaries and
nationalists
Amritsar Massacre (cont.)


A turning point for many Indians
Convinced them that India needed to
govern itself
Video Clip: Amritsar
Massacre
Disc 1 chapter 11+12
 "if
we continue to take an
eye for an eye, the whole
world will go blind”
Mohandas K. Gandhi



Gandhi: Leader of Indian
Independence movement
Politically acted with his
religious ideas
Called Mahatma = “GREAT
SOUL”
Roots of the Idea

Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi
– Led India’s struggle for independence
against the British from 1915 to his death
in 1948.
– Advocated non-violent direct action which
he called Satyagraha, meaning “clinging
to the truth.”
Non-violence a core attribute, not just a tactic
 Courage, discipline & strength essential
 Recognizes the unity of all living things

Civil Disobedience

Stated principle of satyagraha=
“truth-force,” “civil
disobedience”
– Disobeying unfair laws
– Gandhi required “No Violence”
– Purpose: Take the moral high
ground; demonstrate the
immorality of the British
– weaken British government and
economy


Don’t do things that will help British.
Boycott of British cloth
– Dropped British cloth sales
Gandhi’s Satyagraha

Different than passive resistance,
which is a weapon of the weak. Not
the same level of discipline and
courage needed as in Satyagraha, and
therefore violence is possible. Passive
resistance does not require “complete
adherence to truth.”
Gandhi’s Satyagraha

But if nonviolence is essential,
how can the resisters prevail?
What type of force do they use?
Gandhi’s Satyagraha


Gandhi called it love-force or soulforce (ahimsa), a relentless but gentle
insistence on truth in dealing with
friends as well as enemies, neighbors
as well as rulers.
Not simply a weapon used selectively
to achieve a particular change, but an
attitude toward one’s entire life.
Gandhi’s Satyagraha

What does Gandhi say to those
who warn of the threat of
anarchy?
Gandhi’s Satyagraha


Civil disobedience is an inherent right of a
citizen and is never followed by anarchy,
unlike criminal disobedience, which must be
put down by a state using force.
The follower of Satyagraha “obeys the laws
of society intelligently and of his own free
will, because he considers it to be his sacred
duty to do so.” Only then is he or she able
to judge what laws are just and unjust, and
resist the unjust laws in “well-defined
circumstances.”
Examples
 Gandhi
 MLK/Rosa
Parks
 Nelson Mandela—South Africa
 Anti War demonstrations and sit
ins—Vietnam War
Salt March----March 1930




Indians could only buy salt
from British government
Set out with 78 followers
walked 240 miles to the
sea coast
After he got his sea salt he
was quickly arrested and
jailed
Coastal villages starting
collecting salt, sold salt on
streets, thousands of
Indians imprisoned
Video Clip: Salt March
Disc 1 17-19
Salt March Clip
Amritsar Massacre Clip
Step Toward Freedom




British reacted harshly
Peaceful marchers clubbed
Gandhi’s campaign forced Britain to
hand over some power to the Indians
Britain also met other demands of the
Congress party
India Self-Rule

Indians gain political power
– Government of India Act: providing selfgovernment

Helped move closer to full independence
– Muslims & Hindus fought for more power

DO NOT:
1. Strike back nor curse if abused.
2. Laugh out.
3. Hold conversations with floor walker.
4. Leave your seat until your leader has given you
permission to do so.
5. Block entrances to stores outside nor the aisles
inside.
DO:
1. Show yourself friendly and courteous at all times.
2. Sit straight; always face the counter.
3. Report all serious incidents to your leader.
4. Refer information seekers to your leader in a polite
manner.
5. Remember the teachings of Jesus Christ, Mahatma
Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Love and nonviolence
is the way.
 You must be the change you want to see
in the world.


I object to violence because when it
appears to do good, the good is only
temporary; the evil it does is permanent.
The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness
is the attribute of the strong.


"There are many causes that I am
prepared to die for but no causes that I
am prepared to kill for."
'I do believe,' he wrote, 'that where there
is only a choice between cowardice and
violence, I would advise violence.'"
 Power
is of two kinds. One
is obtained by the fear of
punishment and the
other by acts of love. Power
based on love is a thousand
times more
effective and permanent
then the one derived from
fear of punishment.
India and Ghandi timeline
 1858-India
is almost entirely
controlled by Britain—
resources
 1869-Ghandi born
 1885-Indian Nation Congress
is formed
 1906-Muslim League is
founded (25% of Indian pop)
India and Ghandi timeline




Calls for peaceful protest-boycott of
British cloth—all Indians should make
homespun cloths-satyagraha
1919-Amritsar massacre
1930-Dandi March— protest salt tax
1947-creation of India and East and
West Pakistan—1 year later, Ghandi
assasinated
India and Ghandi timeline
–Anti-British terrorism erupts with
no reform
–1918-Rowlett Act—Indians can
be jailed without trial and
cannot gather in crowds