Human Geography AP Review
Important Concepts and People – Part 3
Agriculture – Von Thünen
Farm/Village Structure
• Metes & Bound
– Colonial English
system
• Rectangular Survey
– Township & Range
• Longlot
– French colonial
system
Economic Geography: Alfred Weber
• Theory on the Location
of Industries, 1909
– German economist
• Each manufacturing
plant has to ship
resources to the plant
and finished goods to
the market
– Theoretically, there
must be a point in
space at which these
transport costs will be
minimized
Harold Hotelling, 1929
• Locational
Interdependence
• Ice cream vendors on beach
– At first at opposite sides of beach
– Eventually, next to each other
• Can’t understand location without
looking at competitors
August Lösch, 1940
• One problem with Weber’s model is it ignores
the cost and availability of labor
• The Spatial Margin of Profitability model looks
at total costs and total revenues at a variety of
locations
• Result: A range of points at which profits can
be maximized
Walt Whitman Rostow
Modernization Model :
5) High Mass Consumption
Stairway to
Development
Shift to service sector, domestic consumption
4) Drive to Maturity
Wider industrial/commercial base
3) Takeoff
Development of Manufacturing
2) Preconditions for Takeoff
Extractive Export Industries
1) Traditional Society
Limited Technology; Static Society
Critiques:
Does not account for
“roadblocks” and
colonial legacies
Piore & Sabel, 1984
Piore & Sabel
The Second Industrial Divide
Harrison & Bluestone
Deindustrializaion
• Post-Fordism
• Companies address
problems by reducing
workforce and closing
factories
– Flexible Specialization
– Just-in-Time Production
– Vertical Disintegration
• Industrial Midwest is
targeted
– High union activity
– Resistance to change
The Rustbelt
The Sunbelt
Ann Markusen: The Gunbelt
Urban: Rank-Size Rule
• Ideal urban system
• Population of a city is inversely
proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
• 1/R x Population of Largest City
• R = rank
Walter Christaller (1933)
• Central Place Theory
• Assumptions
– Featureless (isotropic) plain
– Evenly distributed population/resources
– Consumers have similar means/tastes
• Hierarchy of goods
– Range of a good
• How far one is willing to travel
– Threshold of a good
• How much population you need to support
production
Marketing Principle
k=3
Ernest Burgess, 1925
• Attempt to explain
social groupings
within urban areas
• Location would be
determined largely
by distance from the
center
• Concentric Zone
Model
Homer Hoyt, 1939
• Some criticisms of Burgess
model
• Actual US cities have more
variation
– Poor along rail lines
– Commercial uses along major
streets
• Sector Model
– Wedge-shaped pattern
Harris & Ullman, 1945
• Cities can have more
than one center or
nucleus
• Suburbs are
becoming parts of
city
• Areas grouped by
function
Latin American Cities
• Griffin-Ford Model
• Disamenity Sectors
• Spine; Elite residences
Harvey Molotch (1976)
• City as Growth Machine
– City elites concerned with growth over
development
– Other needs are sacrificed to growth
• Growth good for elites, but not necessarily for
everyone
– Land values rise
– Newcomers displace natives
New Urbanism
• Walkability
• Mixed Use
• Neighborhood Structure
• Smart Transit
• Sustainability