Tuesday, November 18th
 Turn in homework – Age of Jackson vocab
 Test review quiz
 The Age of Jackson
 Identify the key players in the election of 1824 and its
aftermath including the formation of new parties
 The change which resulted in Jackson’s victory in the 1828
election
 Identify the significant events of the Presidency of Andrew
Jackson including the Trail of Tears
 Election of 1828 worksheet
The Age of Jackson
ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON
Passing of the Torch
 On July 4, 1826 both Thomas Jefferson and John
Adams died

During this period, the Founding Fathers who had worked to
create and guide the nation passed away
 Left a political void which was hard to fill; a new
generation of leaders was needed
 When Jefferson and Adams died, John Quincy
Adams (J.Q.A) was in his first term as President

Not very effective or popular
 His chief political opponent was Andrew Jackson
Election of 1824
 Election was to succeed James Monroe, last
Founding Father to serve as President
 Election of 1824 between Jackson and J.Q.A was
almost even bitter than the election in 1800


Jackson won the majority of the popular vote but failed to win
a majority of the electoral votes
Went before the H.o.R. since neither Jackson or Adams
received the necessary electoral votes
 Jackson was the first President from the West
Henry Clay and the Election
 During this period the most powerful individual in
the H.o.R. was Henry Clay, Speaker of the House

Clay had actually run for President in the election but finished
fourth
 Clay disliked Jackson and mistrusted his lack of
political experience

Said that Jackson’s service in the War of 1812 did not qualify
him for the complexities of being President
 Clay endorsed J.Q.A for President because he felt
Adams would be more sympathetic to his beliefs

Adams supported Clay’s American System
Aftermath of the Election
 Even with the election over with, it did not stop the
fighting
 Jackson’s supporters, or Jacksonians, accused J.Q.A
of stealing the presidency

The Jacksonians received additional fuel when Adams
appointed Clay as Secretary of State which they called a
corrupt bargain
 The bitterness of the election would set the tone for
the rest of J.Q.A’s Presidency as well as Jackson’s
eventual Presidency
New Parties
 By 1824 the old Democratic-Republican Party was
near collapse

The election sealed the deal as the Dem.-Rep. vote was split
four ways among the candidates
 Two new parties came out of the election
National Republicans
 Followed Adams and Clay and
 Created to oppose the possibility of Jackson becoming
President
 Focused on the American System:
 Internal improvements
 Supported tariffs and manufacturing
 Supported nationalism
 Strong national government
Democrats
 Followed Jackson and Martin Van Buren
 Created in response to Adams “stealing” of the presidency
 Focused on:
 An agriculture economy, and opposed tariffs
 Weak federal government
Election of 1828
 Throughout Adams presidency, most states relaxed
voting requirement rules which dramatically increased
the number of people eligible to vote

No longer had to own property in order to vote in most states
 Jackson was quick to capitalize on the change


Characterized Adams as an intellectual elite who was not in touch
with the common people
Showed himself as a humble, common man
Born to first-generation immigrants on the Western frontier
 First President since Washington not to have a college degree

 Jackson won the election by a landslide by connecting
with the people and a record number of people came to
Washington to see him inaugurated
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson
 Had a notorious temper
 Observers likened him to a volcano, and only the most intrepid or
recklessly curious cared to see it erupt.... typically followed by his own
vow to hang the villain or blow him to perdition. Given his record – in
duels, brawls, mutiny trials, and summary hearings – listeners had to
take his vows seriously.
 Had two regrets from his presidency, that he “had been unable to shoot
Henry Clay or to hang John C. Calhoun”
 Got in a disagreement with Charles Dickinson who had
insulted Jackson wife and refused to honor bets made at a
horse track



The two met in May 1806 in Kentucky to settle the dispute in a duel
Dickinson shot Jackson in the chest, inches form his heart, Jackson then
shot Dickinson in the chest and Dickinson bled to death
Jackson suffered medical conditions because of the bullet for the rest of
his life
President Jackson
 Announced his appointees would only serve four
years


Believed without turnover of people, the government would
become corrupt and ineffective
Coincided with public corruption investigations into all
executive offices
 Instituted a spoils system
 Removed nearly ten percent of the federal employees, most
from Adams’ administration
 Replaced them with loyal Jacksonians
 Ironically, may have brought in more corruption to the gov.
Assassination Attempt
Events of Jackson’s Presidency
 Jackson’s Presidency is known for four significant
events:




Indian removal
Nullification crisis
National bank controversy
Panic of 1837
Jackson and Native Americans
 During the period there were two attitudes towards
Native Americans


Wanted to displace Native Americans from their land and
move them out West
Wanted to assimilate them into the American culture
(conversion to Christianity)
 Jackson believed that assimilation could not work;
only effective policy was to move Native Americans
out West to avoid confrontation with white settlers
Indian Removal Act
 Under Jackson’s direction, Congress passed the Indian
Removal Act in 1830 which authorized the President to
negotiate treaties with Indians which gave them territory
beyond the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands
in the East
 Jackson said of the Act that it was “not only liberal, but
generous”

Based on his view that state governments should have the right to
govern within their territory
 In several cases, Jackson used federal troops to force
non-compliant Native Americans off the land

Included Choctaw, Sauk, Fox, Chicksaw, and Cherokee
Cherokee Fights Back
 The Cherokee fought back through the legal system
 Marshall refused to hear the first case because Native
Americans were not citizens nor foreigners but “domestic
dependent nation”
 An American named Samuel Worcestor sued on
behalf of the Cherokee

Had been a missionary living among the Cherokee but had
been arrested for violating a Georgia law which prohibited
white missionaries from living on Cherokee land
Worcester vs. Georgia
 In Worcester vs. Georgia, the Supreme Court recognized
that the Cherokee were a distinct community

Georgia did not have the authority to regulate the Cherokee or invade
their lands
 Jackson refused to honor the ruling saying, “John
Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it”
 Many Cherokee wanted to continue to fight but many
began to favor relocation

Gov. recognized those Cherokee and signed a treaty with them which
gave them land and 5 million dollars in exchange for their land
The Trail of Tears
 Involved most of the tribes in the East
 Choctaw in 1831
 Seminole in 1832
 Creek in 1834
 Chicksaw in 1837
 Cherokee in 1838
 The Cherokee began the trail in October of 1838
 Jackson specifically ordered that the tribes travel
over land and not water; wanted t0 punish the tribes
 46,000 Native Americans were forced from their
ancestral land and homes
Map of the Trail of Tears
Nu na da ul tsun yi (The Place Where They
Cried)
 Along the way government officials stole their money,
majority of their livestock was stolen
 Of the 17,000 Cherokee which started the trail,
approximately 4,000- 6,00 died along the way
 “I fought through the War Between the States and have
seen many men shot, but the Cherokee Removal was the
cruelest work I ever knew.”
 Had to wait to cross the Ohio River by ferry and took
shelter under a nearby bluff because of the cold


Many died due to the weather; others were murdered by locals
Those locals then sued the government for $35 a head because they
had to bury the dead Cherokee
Thursday, November 20th
 Take daily quiz
 Lesson on states’ rights and the national bank
 Identify the significance of the nullification crisis and he the
fight over the second B.U.S
 Understand the broader fight over states’ rights
 Work on Rest in Peace Andrew Jackson worksheet
Daily Quiz
 What was Jackson’s reaction to Worcester vs. Georgia?
 Following the election of 1824, what was the corrupt
bargain?
 What change occurred which allowed more men to vote?
 What were the two new parties which came out of the
election of 1824?
 What was Jackson’s position on Native Americans?
States’ Rights and the National
Bank
Tariff Raises the Issue of States’ Rights
 The Tariff of 1816 was passed with Southern support
in part because the tariff rate would decrease over
time
 Over time however, the South had gotten fed up with
having to pay more for northern manufactured goods
and believed the North was getting rich at their
expense
 Issue came to a head in 1824 and 1828 when
Congress passed additional tariffs which raised the
tariff rates
Issue of the Tariff
 Highest tariff on imported goods up to that point
 South believed that the North was getting rich at the
expense of the South

Called a “tariff of abomination” by John C. Calhoun
The Nullification Theory
 John C. Calhoun served as Vice-President for both
Adams and Jackson


Initially supported tariffs because they protected American
manufacturing
His home state of South Carolina was in a economic depression
because of the low cotton prices and many there wondered if
Calhoun still supported them
 In response Calhoun brought up the Nullification Theory



Questioned the legality of federal laws being applied to sovereign
states
Viewed the Constitution as a compact between the states; therefore
states could nullify, or reject, a law they viewed as unconstitutional
If the federal gov. did not recognize a states right to nullify a federal
law, that state had the right to leave the Union
Webster-Hayne Debate on States’ Rights
 Took place between Senator Robert Haynes of South
Carolina and Senator Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts
 Highlighted the division in the country over the issue
of secession and nullification
 Considered one of the greatest debates in American
history

Took place at a party
 When asked his opinion, Jackson said “our union it
must be preserved”
Peggy Eaton Affair (Real Housewives of the
1800s)
 Peggy Eaton was the wife of the Secretary of State
 Kept getting snubbed by the wives of the other
cabinet members; especially Calhoun’s wife

Jackson demands that the cabinet make their wives apologize
to Peggy

Jackson saw similarity in how his wife had been treated by the
public
 Begins tossing out members of the cabinet loyal to
Calhoun

Serves as a warning if they do not apologize
The Nullification Crisis
 In 1832 Congress passed the Tariff of 1832 which raised
the rates again
 Outraged S.C. legislators declared that the tariffs were
unconstitutional and if any attempt was made by the gov.
to collect duties then S.C. would secede from the Union

The Nullification Convention which nullified the tariffs and said it
would secede if force was used against the state
 Jackson, though a Southerner, believed that the
declaring a law unconstitutional flouted the will of the
Constitution and such an act would be treasonous

Persuaded Congress to pass the Force Bill, authorizing the use of
force against S.C. or any state if it resisted paying duties under the
tariffs
The Compromise
 Confrontation seemed inevitable until Clay came up with
the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which would decrease
tariff rates over the next ten years
 Both sides were able to claim victory with the agreement

S.C. held the Nullification Convention repealing ordinance nullifying
the tariffs and, symbolically, nullified the Force Bill
 For now, a crisis had been averted
 “The tariff was only a pretext, and disunion and southern
confederacy the real object. The next pretext will be the
negro, or slavery question.“ Andrew Jackson
The National Bank
 During the crisis with S.C., Jackson was engaged in
another battle over the National Bank
 While the charter of the bank was not supposed to
expire until 1836, Clay and Webster introduced
legislation to renew the charter early to make it a
campaign issue

Hoped that Jackson would lose political support over a fight
with the bank and he would not be reelected
 Underestimated Jackson’s political skill
Fight for the Bank
 Jackson vetoed the charter for the National Bank to
be renewed; cast the bank as an elitist institution


The bank earned interest on taxes deposited there which it
distributed to wealthy individuals, not the entire population
The bank gave extremely low loans to Congressmen which
were not available to ordinary Americans
 “The bank is trying to kill me but I will kill it!”
King Andrew the First
Jackson’s Reelection
 After Jackson was reelected in 1832, he told the
Secretary of the Treasury to put all government
funds in specific state banks

Called “pet banks” because they were loyal to the Democratic
Party
 The National Bank President tried to call in all loans
owed but it backfired on him

Bank lost support from businesses and individuals
 Charter expired in 1836 and the National Bank
became private; went bankrupt five years later
Opposition Unites: The Whig Party
 Main individuals included Henry Clay, John Q.
Adams, and Daniel Webster
 Backed the ideals of the American System


Strong federal government including control of the banking
system and a national currency
Supported tariffs
 Attracted individuals from the Democratic Party who
were angry at Jackson’s leadership style
Martin Van Buren
 Jackson announced that he would not run for a third
term and instead endorsed his V.P., Van Buren
 Van Buren easily won the 1837 election
1.
2.
The newly formed Whig Party was not able to agree on one
candidate and ran three candidates against Van Buren
Jackson’s endorsement also was significant in helping Van
Buren win the election
 Quickly had to deal with Jackson’s legacy
Jackson’s Financial Legacy
 When Jackson put federal money into friendly state
banks, those banks began to widely print bank notes
which could be redeemed for gold or silver
 People would take this useless currency to buy land
from the federal government meaning the
government was stuck with it

Jackson announced on August 15, 1836 that only gold or silver
could be used to purchase federal land
 Caused people to rush the banks to redeem their
bank notes for gold or silver to purchase land

Banks did not have enough silver or gold to cover the bank
notes
Panic of 1837
 By May 1837, situation had gotten much worse
 New York banks stopped accepting paper currency
and other banks quickly followed suit
 Became known as the Panic of 1837



Banking system collapsed
Wiped out the savings of Americans and bankrupted hundreds
of businesses
More than a third of the population was unemployed
 Van Buren tried to help by reducing federal
government spending but only made the situation
worse
Election of 1840
 Van Buren was increasingly unpopular for being
unable to stop the economic crisis
 The Whig Party took advantage by nominating
William Henry Harrison for President


Portrayed Van Buren as a privileged aristocrat and Harrison as
a common man
Campaigned on Harrison’s fame from the War of 1812
Created a campaign song called “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
 Log Cabin Campaign – meant to show Harrison as a common man

Monday, November 24th
 Turn in homework
 Take survey
 Take daily quiz
 Watch The Abolitionists
Daily Quiz
 What was the name of the theory in which states could
strike down federal laws they deemed unconstitutional?
 Who settled the Nullification Issue?
 Who was the Whig Party formed in opposition to?
 What was the campaign slogan for Harrison during the
election of 1840?
 What was Jackson’s financial legacy?
Monday, December 1st
 Lesson on Women and Reform and the Second Great
Awakening
 Review for test
 Start study guide
Women and Reform
Women’s Roles
 Customs demanded that Women restrict their
activities to their home and family



Housework and caring for children were considered the only
proper activities; became known as the cult of domesticity
Women could not vote or serve on juries
When a women married, any property she owned went to her
husband and lacked guardianship over children
Mobilizing for Reform
 Women started becoming more politically active
during the mid-1800s during the Abolition
Movement
The Movements
 Temperance Movement: recognized drunkenness
was a serious problem and attempted to ban alcohol
 Education Movement: campaigned for greater
education opportunities for women

Brought along more women into the field of medicine
 The Suffrage Movement: get women the right to vote
 Part of Seneca Falls Convention
Seneca Falls Convention
 Held in Seneca Falls, New York from July 19-20,
1848
 First national convention on women’s rights
 Covered many issues regarding women’s rights but
the most controversial was achieving the right to
vote
 The convention issued the Declaration of Sentiments

Based upon the Declaration of Independence
Second Great Awakening
 Started in the 1830s because of the overall era of
reforms and swept across the country

Started with preachers wanting to spread the word of personal
salvation through religious activism, or evangelism
 Rejected the Calvinistic belief that your life, and
where you ended up, was preordained

Core belief was that your actions determined whether or not
you were going to heaven or hell

Insisted that people could improve themselves and society
 Abolitionists, women’s reform movements
Spread of the Message
 The message promoted by the Second Great
Awakening was similar to Jacksonian democracy

Focused on the power of the common citizen and their
responsibilities

Belief in a “democratic” God
 Delivered the messages in large forums
 Could draw 20,000 or more people
 Were very dramatic
The Forums
Stump Speaking
Wednesday, December 3rd
 Turn in study guide
 Take test on Age of Jackson and Reform
 Work on vocab for Expansion and Build up to the
Civil War