Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Objectives
• Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
• Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological
molecules.
• Identify functional groups in biological molecules.
• Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and
broken down.
• Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to
drive chemical reactions.
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Organic Compounds vs Inorganic compounds:
• All compounds are classified as either _____________
or __________________.
• Which of the following are organic? (circle them)
• Which of the following are inorganic? (underline them)
Wool
Cotton
Potted Plant
Glass
Paper
Carbon Dioxide
• An organic compound is, or was once _____________.
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Organic Compounds vs Inorganic compounds:
• All compounds are classified as either organic
or inorganic
• Which of the following are organic? (circle them)
• Which of the following are inorganic? (underline them)
Wool
Cotton
Potted Plant
Glass
Paper
Carbon Dioxide
• An organic compound is, or was once living.
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Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Carbon Bonding
• Organic compounds contain ______________________
atoms and are found in __________________ things.
• Most inorganic compounds do not contain
____________________ atoms.
Some exceptions:
_______________ and ______________
The most important inorganic compound in the body is
______________.
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Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Carbon Bonding
• Organic compounds contain Carbon (and Hydrogen)
atoms and are found in all living things.
• Most inorganic compounds do not contain Carbon atoms.
Some exceptions:
Monoxide)
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) and CO (Carbon
The most important inorganic compound in the body is water.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonding, continued
• Carbon has ________________ in its 2nd energy level.
• Carbon atoms can readily form _______________
covalent bonds with other atoms including other
carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon
atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex
organic compounds.
• Carbon can form _____________, ______________,
or ________________ covalent bonds.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonding, continued
• Carbon has 4 electrons in its 2nd energy level.
• Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds
with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The
carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide
variety of simple and complex organic compounds.
• Carbon can form single, double
or triple covalent bonds.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonding
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Functional Groups
• Functional groups are groups of atoms that
_____________________ the properties of molecules
and the ___________________________ in which the
molecules participate.
• Ex: Hydroxyl, _____, makes a molecule polar,
hydrophilic, and soluble in water.
• More Ex: Carboxyl, _________
Amino, ___________
Phosphate
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Functional Groups
• Functional groups are groups of atoms that
influence the properties of molecules and the
chemical reactions in which the molecules
participate.
• Ex: Hydroxyl, OH, makes a molecule polar,
hydrophilic, and soluble in water.
• More Ex: Carboxyl, COOH
Amino, NH2
Phosphate
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Molecule Formations
• ________________ - simple molecules that bond
together to form larger ones.
• ________________ - larger molecules made of
repeated linked monomers.
• ________________ - large polymers.
– Ex: _______________, _________, __________,
and ________________________
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Molecule Formations
• monomers - simple molecules that bond together to
form larger ones.
• polymers - larger molecules made of repeated linked
monomers.
• macromolecules - large polymers.
– Ex: carbohydrates , lipids, protein, and nucleic
acids.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Large Carbon Molecules
• Condensation reactions join __________________
(small simple molecules) to form _________________.
A condensation reaction releases _______________
as a by-product.
Ex: Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose + H2O
• In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to ________
polymers into monomers.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Large Carbon Molecules
• Condensation reactions join monomers
(small simple molecules) to form polymers
A condensation reaction releases water as a byproduct.
Ex: Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose + H2O
• In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to split
polymers into monomers.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Energy Currency
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases
______________ during cell processes, enabling
organisms to function.
• _________________ is released when bonds between
Phosphate groups are broken.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Energy Currency
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases
energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to
function.
• Energy is released when bonds between Phosphate
groups are broken.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Objectives
• Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and
polysaccharides.
• Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein
structure.
• Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.
• Compare the structure and function of each of the different
types of lipids.
• Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed
of ______________, ________________, and
_______________ in a ratio of about _______ carbon
to ________ hydrogen atoms to ______ oxygen atom.
• Carbohydrates are a source of _____________ and
are used as _____________________ materials in
organisms.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed
of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a ratio of about
1 carbon
to 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom.
• Carbohydrates are a source of energy and
are used as structural materials in
organisms.
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Carbohydrate
• Glucose Molecule:
(ratio of 1 C : 2 H :1 O)
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates, continued
• Monosaccharides
– Carbohydrates are made up of ______________
called monosaccharides.
• Ex: _______________
_______________
_______________
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates, continued
• Monosaccharides
– Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called
monosaccharides.
• Ex: glucose
Fructose
galactose
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates, continued
• Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
– Two __________________________ join to form
a ______________ sugar called a disaccharide.
Ex:_____________________________________
– A _______________ sugar, or polysaccharide, is
made of three or more _____________________.
Ex: _____________ - chains of glucose stored in
liver & muscles.
_____________ - sugar stored in plants.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates, continued
• Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
– Two monosaccharides join to form
a double sugar called a disaccharide.
Ex: Sucrose is fructose & glucose
– A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is
made of three or more monosaccharide.
Ex: Glycogen - chains of glucose stored in liver &
muscles.
Starch - sugar stored in plants.
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Disaccharides
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins
• Proteins are ____________________ compounds
composed mainly of ___________, _____________,
______________, and ________________.
• Proteins have many functions including __________,
_______________, and __________________ roles.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins
• Proteins are organic compounds
composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen.
• Proteins have many functions including structural,
defensive, and catalytic roles.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins, continued
• Amino Acids
– Proteins are made up of ___________________
called amino acids.
-- The _________________ of amino acids
determines a protein’s _____________
and ____________________. (R Groups)
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins, continued
• Amino Acids
– Proteins are made up of monomers
called amino acids.
-- The sequence of amino acids
determines a protein’s shape and
function. (R Groups)
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins, continued
• Dipeptides and Polypeptides
– Two amino acids are joined by _______________
to form a dipeptide.
– A long chain of amino acids is called a
_____________________________.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins, continued
• Dipeptides and Polypeptides
– Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to
form a dipeptide.
– A long chain of amino acids is called a
polypeptide.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Structure of Proteins
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins, continued
• Enzymes
– Enzymes ________________ chemical reactions
and ______________ to specific substrates.
– The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes
a change in the enzyme’s shape and __________
the activation energy of the reaction.
– Enzymes are sensitive to changes in ________
and ___________________
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins, continued
• Enzymes
– Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind
to specific substrates.
– The binding of a substrate with an enzyme causes
a change in the enzyme’s shape and reduces the
activation energy of the reaction.
– Enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH and
temperature.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Enzyme Activity
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids
• Lipids are ________________ molecules, they
______________________ than other compounds,
and are an important part of ___________________.
• Lipids do not dissolve in _____________.
• Lipids are soluble in ________.
• Lipids include fats, fatty acids, triglycerides,
phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids
• Lipids are nonpolar molecules, they
store more energy than other compounds,
and are an important part of cell membranes.
• Lipids do not dissolve in water.
• Lipids are soluble in oil.
• Lipids include fats, fatty acids, triglycerides,
phospholipids, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids, continued
• Fats may be saturated or unsaturated.
• Fatty Acids
– Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched
carbon molecules that have a ________________
(water loving) end and a ____________________
(water fearing) end.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids, continued
• Fats may be saturated or unsaturated.
• Fatty Acids
– Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched
carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic
(water loving) end and a hydrophobic
(water fearing) end.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Nucleic Acids
• A nucleic acid is a large, complex organic molecule.
• The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
contains _______________________ for cell activities.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key
roles in _________________________.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Nucleic Acids
• A nucleic acid is a large, complex organic molecule.
• The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
contains genetic information for cell activities.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key
roles in making proteins.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Structure of Nucleic Acids
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is not a function of
polysaccharides?
A. energy source
B. energy storage
C. structural support
D. storage of genetic information
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following statements is false?
F. A wax is a lipid.
G. Starch is a lipid.
H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary
information?
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. protein
D. carbohydrates
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that
stores sugars?
F. starch
G. protein
H. cellulose
J. glycogen
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell
membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions
that follow.
5. Which of the following
molecules make up the
basic structure of a cell
membrane?
A. waxes
B. steroids
C. fatty acids
D. phospholipids
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell
membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions
that follow.
6. The “tails” of the molecules
in the figure orient away
from water. Which of the
following describes the
tail’s movement away from
water?
F. polar
G. adhesive
H. hydrophilic
J. hydrophobic
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids :
A. lipids
B. proteins
C. nucleic acids
D. amino acids
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below represents
the structural formula of a
molecule. Use the
figure to answer the question
that follows.
8. What is the name of the
functional group circled in the
structural formula?
F. amino
G. hydroxyl
H. phosphate
J. carboxyl
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Proteins are affected by environmental conditions
such as heat and pH.
Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be
reversed.
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Enzymes are essential for the functioning of all cells.
Part A Explain what enzymes do that is essential for
cell function.
Part B Explain the induced fit model of enzyme
action.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Energy Currency
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