Compilation of urban emission inventories as analysed within
the Air Implementation Pilot
Fairmode meeting 11.04.2013
ETC/ACM task manager: Ulrike Döring, Öko- Institut
ETC/ACM deputy manager: Christian Nagl, Umweltbundesamt Vienna
Background
Problem:
Air quality in cities still remains a problem in Europe.
=> NOx & particle emissions
=> greenhouse gas emissions
Main sources here:
transport,
construction machinery,
residential sector.
For improving the situation a review of the existing EU strategy on air
pollution and climate change mitigation policy started in 2012 - integrated in
an Air Implementation Pilot project.
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Background
Air Implementation Pilot
=> Joint EEA – DG ENV project
=> Focused on cities in the EU.
Set-up for modelling activities under FAIRMODE task in ETC/ACM’s
Implementation Plans of 2012 and 2013!
AIP OBJECTIVES
 Share experiences among pilot cities;
 Develop proposals for improved implementation;
 Share experiences with other cities;
 Not intended to solve AQ problems, but improve information base for
future action.
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Objectives for the two city pilot projects
1a) Analysis of existing initiatives and projects
& local initiatives in the CC/AP mitigation field
& 1b) questionnaires of city inventories
2. Overview & understanding of the results of
the studies
3. Where are the gaps and what can we
learn?
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Structured in four main groups
General issues
• project group
• contact
• finances
• duration of project
Emission inventories
at local level
• pollutants
• methodology (EF, AD)
• data handling & availability
• updates
Information on
policies & measures
• availability of information
• good practices
Other
• project conclusions
• findings
• sharing of network
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Why emission inventories (EI)?
• Identification of the local sources of pollution;
• Knowledge on the contribution each source;
• Identification & implementation of measures to improve local
air quality;
• Monitoring the calculated change in emissions with time.
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Emission trends & reports
Source: EEA, EU National Inventory Report,
2012
Source: EEA, European Union emission inventory report
1990–2010 under the UNECE Convention on Long-range
Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) , 2012
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Main questions:
Comparability of different
approaches
Availability of data
Guidance, QA/QC
Use of co-benefits
(pollutants)
Use of EI
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Choise of city projects (in total 11 projects):
• Covenant of Mayors (CoM)
• Common Information to European Air, CiteAir
• EU CO2 80/50 Project
Selection of cities:
Antwerp, Berlin, Madrid, Malmö, Paris, Plovdiv, Vienna, Vilnius,
Milan, Ploieşti, Prague.
Dublin started preparing an EI.
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Main results - use of EI
Identification
of sources
Modelling
Identifying
measures
Covenant of Mayors (CoM)
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CiteAir
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EU CO2 80/50 Project
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City
Antwerp, Berlin, Madrid,
Milan, Paris, Ploieşti,
Prague, Vienna, Vilnius
Malmö
Plovdiv
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NEC
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AQD
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AQD, GP
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AQD
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Vilnius
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Vienna
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Prague
Milan
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Plovdiv
Malmö
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Ploieşti
Madrid, Paris

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Berlin
EU CO2 80/50
Project

Antwerp
NEC, AQD
(NO2)
NEC, AQD
NEC, AQD
CiteAir II
Covenant of
Mayors (CoM)
Obligation
Main results - pollutants
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AQD
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DD4
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DD4
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UNFCCC
CO2
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NEC: National Emission Ceiling Directive 2001/81/EC, AQD: Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC
DD4: 4th Daughter Directive 2004/107/EC, GP: revised Gothenburg Protocol under the CLRTAP
UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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Main results – co-benefits CC/AQ
Impact of AQ/CC measures in CC/AQ
City/ Projects
Covenant of Mayors (CoM)
CiteAir II
EU CO2 80/50 Project
AQ in climate change
Not applicable
Not applicable
Not applicable
Climate change in AQ
Not applicable
Partly
Not applicable
Antwerp
Berlin, Paris, Ploieşti, Vienna
Madrid
Malmö
Milan
Plovdiv, Prague, Vilnius
partly
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No information provided
No information provided
Not applicable
partly
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Partly
Partly
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Not applicable
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Main results - internal guidance
City
Covenant of Mayors (CoM)
CiteAir II
EU CO2 80/50 Project
Antwerpen, Berlin, Madrid,
Paris, Plovdiv, Vienna &
Vilnius
Malmö
Milan
Ploieşti
Prague
Internal Guidance
SEAP guidelines
Guidebook on integrated emission inventories (also: IMACE
database and IMACE guidebook)
Metropolitan Mitigation Measures Sourcebook
No
Gustafsson (2007)
Methodology and information available at:
http://www.inemar.eu/xwiki/bin/view/InemarDatiWeb/Metodologia+utilizzata
Report - guidance on developing local and national emission
inventories in conformity with EMEP/EEA – 2009
URM Internal Guidelines for EI
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Main results – data availability
City
Emission data
Covenant of Mayors (CoM)
CiteAir
EU CO2 80/50 Project
Eurocities network
internet presentation of the results
network platform
Antwerp
Annual report on the VMM website
Berlin
Web based GIS tool
Madrid & Milan
Web based report
Malmö
Annual report and a web tool
Paris
AIRPARIF website
Ploieşti
Environmental situation report
Plovdiv
Partly in air quality progamme
Prague
Web based report, data
Vienna & Vilnius
No
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Main results – Reference for EF
City
Covenant of Mayors (CoM)
CiteAir
EU CO2 80/50 Project
GHG: IPCC
Guidebook on integrated emission inventories (also: IMACE database and IMACE guidebook)
GHG: IPCC
Antwerp
CR-CORINAIR
References
traffic: IMMIS-em: (modelled), HBEFA 3.1 (www.hbefa.net)
Berlin
tyre abrasion and resuspension: Düring & Lohmeyer (2004)
evaporative losses: HBEFA3.1
heating: Umeg (2000)
construction machinery: Ifeu (2004)
Madrid
GHG: IPCC; AP: EMEP/CORINAIR; traffic: COPERT 4
Malmö
no information provided
Milan, Ploiesti
GHG: IPCC; AP: EMEP/CORINAIR
Paris
national guidance CITEP (http://www.citepa.org/images/III1_Rapports_Inventaires/OMINEA_9eme%20edition%202012sec.zip) and EMEP/CORINAIR
Plovdiv
CR-CORINAIR, HBEFA, CS-country specific, PS-plant specific
Prague
EMEP/CORINAIR, national guidance for traffic emissions
Vienna
EMEP/CORINAIR, HBEFA
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Main results - comparability
City
Comparability
Covenant of Mayors (CoM)
applied guidelines yes, inventories no
CiteAir
No
EU CO2 80/50 Project
No
Antwerp
Yes (downscaled from the regional inventory)
Berlin
Not comparable to other cities
Madrid
Theoretically yes: The Municipal Inventory is contrasted with the national and
regional inventories
Malmö
Fully comparable with the regional (Scania) EI and the Göteborg EI, partly
comparable to the Stockholm EI (bottom-up), but not directly comparable to the
national EI (mostly top-down)
Milan
Yes (regional inventory containing data on each city in the region; the
methodology is shared with 6 further regions and 2 provinces)
Paris
Yes, other regional inventories are built with the same methodologies
Ploieşti, Prague, Vilnius
No
Plovdiv & Vienna
Yes
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Conclusions
• Good quality input data is essential (e.g. on traffic statistics, household
combustion practices, construction emissions );
• There are significant differences in comparability, completeness and
consistency between the inventories;
• Currently the EI can be used for qualitative assessments on a
European level. Use for modelling or source apportionment requires
substantial effort for harmonization.
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Conclusions
• Necessity for improved guidance for estimating fugitive and diffuse
emissions (e.g. resuspension from traffic, construction work etc.),
emissions of residential heating, future traffic emissions and for
QA/QC in general;
• Several cities and city projects consider and integrate synergies
between management of air quality and greenhouse gases when
planning action plans or measures.
Brochure: compilation of
guidance material
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Contacts
Christian Nagl
+43-1-31304-5866, christian.nagl@umweltbundesamt.at
Ulrike Döring
+49-30-405085-303, u.doering@oeko.de
Thank you!
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11 city projects were analysed!
1. Covenant of Mayors (CoM)
2. Megapoli
3. CityZen, mega CITY - Zoom for the Environment
4. Soot free cities campaign
5. European Green City Index
6. Common Information to European Air, CiteAir
7. METREX - The Network of European Metropolitan Regions and Areas
8. InterMETREXplus Project
9. EUCO2 80/50 Project
10. Climate Cities Benchmark (CCB)
11. Fairmode
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