How to Use This Presentation
• To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects
select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.”
• To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow
key or the space bar.
• From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a
presentation for that resource.
• From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go
directly to that lesson’s presentation.
• You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing
the Esc key.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Introduction to Body Structure
Table of Contents
Section 1 Body Organization
Section 2 Skeletal System
Section 3 Muscular System
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Objectives
• Identify four levels of structural organization within
the human body.
• Analyze the four kinds of body tissues.
• List the body’s major organ systems.
• Evaluate the importance of endothermy in
maintaining homeostasis.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Levels of Structural Organization
• The body is organized into four levels: cells, tissues,
organs, and organ systems.
• A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together
to perform a common function.
• The body has four basic kinds of tissues: epithelial,
nervous, connective, and muscle tissues.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Tissue, Organ, and Organ System
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Levels of Structural Organization, continued
Four Kinds of Tissues
• Epithelial tissue lines most body surfaces and
protects other tissues from damage and dehydration.
• Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells, which carry
information throughout the body.
• Various kinds of connective tissue support, protect,
and insulate the body.
• Muscle tissue enables the movement of body
structures by muscle contraction.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Human Body Tissues
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Body Tissues
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Levels of Structural Organization, continued
Stem Cells
• Embryonic stem cells are early, undifferentiated cells
that give rise to all of the types of cells in the
developing body.
• Embryonic stem cells will divide indefinitely.
• Adult stem cells are not as versatile and do not divide
indefinitely.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Organ Systems
• Body organs are made of combinations of two or
more types of tissues working together to perform a
specific function.
• An organ system is a group of organs that work
together to carry out major activities or processes.
Some organs function in more than one organ
system.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Major Organ Systems of the Human Body
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Overview of Organ Systems
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Organ Systems, continued
Body Cavities
• The human body contains four large fluid-filled
spaces, or body cavities, that house and protect the
major internal organs.
• These body cavities are the thoracic cavity (heart and
lungs), cranial cavity (brain), abdominal cavity
(digestive organs), and spinal cavity (spinal cord).
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Cavities of the Human Body
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Inside the Human Coelom
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Human Body Cavities
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Organ Systems, continued
Endothermy
• Like all mammals, humans are endotherms. Humans
maintain a fairly constant internal temperature of
about 37°C (98.6 °F).
• The human body uses a great deal of energy to
maintain a constant body temperature.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 1 Body Organization
Advantage of Endothermy
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Objectives
• Distinguish between the axial skeleton and the
appendicular skeleton.
• Analyze the structure of bone.
• Summarize the process of bone development.
• List two ways to prevent osteoporosis.
• Identify the three main classes of joints.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
The Skeleton
• The human skeleton contains 206 individual bones.
• The bones of the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum form
the axial skeleton.
• The other bones, including those of the arms, legs,
pelvis, and shoulder, form the appendicular
skeleton.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Human Skeleton
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Anatomy of a Human Skeletal System
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
The Skeleton, continued
Axial Skeleton
• The most complex part of the axial skeleton is the
skull. The skull is attached to the top of the spine, or
backbone, which is a flexible, curving column of
vertebrae.
• Curving forward from the middle vertebrae are 12
pairs of ribs, which form the rib cage.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
The Skeleton, continued
Appendicular Skeleton
• The appendicular skeleton forms the appendages, or
limbs—the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
• The shoulder attachment is called the pectoral girdle.
The hip attachment is called the pelvic girdle.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
The Skeleton, continued
Structure of Bone
• Bones are made of a hard outer covering of compact
bone surrounding an inner core of spongy bone.
• Some cavities in spongy bone are filled with a soft
tissue called bone marrow.
• Bones are surrounded and protected by a tough
exterior membrane called the periosteum.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Parts of a Human Bone — 1 & 2
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Bone Marrow and Production of Red Blood
Cells
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Structure of Bone
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Growth of Bones
• During development, a type of connective tissue
called cartilage is gradually replaced by bone as
minerals are deposited.
• In compact bone, new bone cells are added in layers
around narrow, hollow channels called Haversian
canals.
• Bone cells called osteocytes maintain the mineral
content of bone.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Compact Bone
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Human Bone Growth
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Growth of Bones, continued
Osteoporosis
• In young adults, the density of bone usually remains
constant.
• Severe bone loss can lead to a condition called
osteoporosis. In osteoporosis, bones become brittle
and are easily fractured.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Effects of Osteoporosis
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Osteoporosis
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Joints
• A joint is a place where two bones meet. Pads of
cartilage cushion the ends of the bones of a joint,
enabling the joint to withstand great pressure and
stress.
• The bones of a joint are held together by strong
bands of connective tissue called ligaments.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Joints in the Human Body
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Joints, continued
Three Main Types of Joints
• Immovable joints permit little or no movement of the
bones they join (ex. cranial bones).
• Slightly movable joints permit limited movement of
the bones they join (ex. rib cage).
• Freely movable joints (ex. knee) permit movement.
The direction of bone movement is determined by
the structure of the joint.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
The Human Knee
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Types of Joints
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Joints, continued
Disorders of Joints
• When a disease afflicts the bones, connective tissue,
or lubricating tissues in a freely movable joint, the
joint’s ability to move may be impaired.
• Rheumatoid arthritis is a painful inflammation of
freely movable joints. Osteoarthritis is a disorder that
causes the degeneration of cartilage that covers the
surfaces of bones.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 2 Skeletal System
Osteoarthritis
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Objectives
• Describe the action of muscle pairs in moving the
body.
• Relate the structure of a skeletal muscle to the
muscle’s ability to contract.
• Describe how energy is supplied to muscles for
contraction.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Muscles and Movement
• Movement requires precisely timed and controlled
contractions of many skeletal muscles.
• Even when the body is still, many skeletal muscles
remain partially contracted to maintain balance and
posture.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Anatomy of the Muscular System
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Muscles and Movement, continued
Movement of the Skeleton
• Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by strips
of dense connective tissue called tendons.
• A flexor muscle causes a joint to bend. An extensor
muscle causes a joint to straighten.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Opposing Muscles in the Arm
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Muscular Movement and Bones
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Muscles and Movement, continued
Muscle Structure
• Muscle contains contractile protein filaments called
actin and myosin.
• Each skeletal muscle fiber contains small cylindrical
structures called myofibrils. Sections of protein
filaments that contract together are called
sarcomeres.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Skeletal Muscle
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Muscle Fiber
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Close-Up of a Skeletal Muscle
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Muscle Contraction
• Muscle contraction occurs in the sarcomeres of
myofibrils.
• Myosin and actin filaments slide along one another
and a sarcomere shortens, resulting in muscle
contraction.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Contraction of a Muscle
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Muscle Contraction
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Muscle Contraction, continued
Interaction of Myosin and Actin
• Myosin filaments have long, finger-like projections
with an enlarged “head” at one end.
• Myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin
filaments and then rotate, causing the actin filament
to slide. Muscle contraction occurs.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Interaction of Muscle Protein Filaments
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Muscle Contraction, continued
Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Pathways
• Muscle contractions use ATP supplied by aerobic
respiration. During brief, intense activities, anaerobic
processes take over and ATP is produced by
glycolysis.
• When both aerobic and anaerobic pathways become
insufficient, muscles use glycogen as an energy
source.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Muscle Contraction, continued
Exercise and Fitness
• Consistent aerobic exercise makes the heart pump
more efficiently.
• Resistance exercises, such as weight lifting, can
increase muscle size and strength.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 3 Muscular System
Aerobic Exercise
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Objectives
• Analyze the structure and function of the epidermis.
• Describe how the dermis helps the body maintain
homeostasis.
• Summarize how hair and nails are formed.
• Identify various types of skin disorders.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Skin
• The skin in the largest organ in the body.
• Along with the hair and nails, the skin forms the
integumentary system.
• The two primary layers of skin are the epidermis and
the dermis.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Skin, continued
Epidermis
• The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It is
made of several layers of epithelial cells.
• Keratin is a protein that makes skin tough and
waterproof.
• The inner layer of the epidermis contains cells that
produce the pigment melanin.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Structure of Skin
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Human Skin
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Skin, continued
Dermis
• The dermis is the functional layer of skin that lies just
beneath the epidermis.
• The dermis contains nerve cells, blood vessels, and
hair follicles.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Skin, continued
Subcutaneous Tissue
• Subcutaneous tissue is a layer of connective tissue
made mostly of fat. It lies just beneath the dermis.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Parts of the Skin
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Skin, continued
Hair and Nails
• Hair and nails are derived from the epidermis.
• Hair follicles produce individual hairs. Nails are
produced by specialized epidermal cells located at
the base of each nail.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Cross Section of a Fingernail
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Skin Disorders
• Most skin injuries heal rapidly. Burns, however, can
result in permanent scarring or even death.
• Some skin disorders are the result of changes that
occur within the body over time.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Skin Disorders, continued
Acne
• Oil glands in the dermis release sebum, an oily
secretion that lubricates the skin.
• Acne is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition caused
by an excessive secretion of sebum, which blocks
pores with oil, dirt, and bacteria.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Section 4 Skin, Hair, and Nails
Skin Disorders, continued
Skin Cancer
• Skin cancer can result from genetic mutations caused
by overexposure to UV radiation.
• Carcinomas are skin cancers that originate in cells
that do not produce pigments. Cancers in pigmentproducing cells are called malignant melanomas.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
Use the art below and your knowledge of science to
answer questions 1–3.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. The structure labeled X is a
A.
B.
C.
D.
myosin filament
muscle fiber
myofibril
Z line
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. The structure labeled X is a
A.
B.
C.
D.
myosin filament
muscle fiber
myofibril
Z line
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. When a sarcomere changes from condition A to
condition B, what happens to the muscle cell that
contains it?
F.
G.
H.
J.
It relaxes.
It rotates.
It contracts.
It slides.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. When a sarcomere changes from condition A to
condition B, what happens to the muscle cell that
contains it?
F.
G.
H.
J.
It relaxes.
It rotates.
It contracts.
It slides.
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which sequence identifies the levels of organization
found in the body?
A. muscle cell  muscular system  muscle 
muscle tissue
B. muscle cell  muscle tissue  muscle muscular
system 
C. muscular system  muscle tissue  muscle cell
 muscle
D. muscle  muscle cell  muscle tissue 
muscular system
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which sequence identifies the levels of organization
found in the body?
A. muscle cell  muscular system  muscle 
muscle tissue
B. muscle cell  muscle tissue  muscle muscular
system 
C. muscular system  muscle tissue  muscle cell
 muscle
D. muscle  muscle cell  muscle tissue 
muscular system
Chapter menu
Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.