Sustainable forestry: an introduction Lecture notes University of

The Prediction and Monitoring of Environmental impacts caused by CDM-AR Projects

Prof. Dr. ir. Bart MUYS

K.U.Leuven bart.muys@agr.kuleuven.ac.be

Outline

1. A sustainability framework for CDM-AR

1.1

Environment as part of Sustainable development

1.2

Sustainability framework

2. Environmental Impact in CDM-AR (demand)

3. Methods to assess Environmental Impact (supply)

3.1 Overview of methods

3.2 Selection of methods

4. Assessment Methods for CDM-AR

4.1 Programme design

4.2 Project design

4.3 Project monitoring and internal auditing

4.4 Project auditing and certification

5. Conclusions

B. MUYS - environmental impact of CDM-AR - 2004

2

1. A sustainability framework for CDM-AR

1.1. Environment as part of sustainability

WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY ?

“When you figure out what sustainability is, let me know”

USDA economist, 1990

“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

WCED, 1987 (the Brundtland Report)


3

Interpretation: Sustainability is…

• Something important

• Something good

• Something to do with ecology and economy at the same time

• Everybody talks about it

• Everybody understands it differently

• Everybody thinks he/she is implementing it

• Hence, something difficult to measure

• In conclusion, a very important concept, but unpractically defined


4

Re-defining sustainability

• Sustainability : a state in which the

environment

and the ecosystem are not degraded by human activities

• Development : evolution of increasing human welfare and well-being

• Sustainable development (SD): development which does not degrade

environment

and ecosystem over the longer term (50/50)


5

1.2. Sustainability framework for CDM-AR

(Madlener et al., 2003, modified after Lammerts van Bueren and Blom, 1998)

Social

Goal

Sustainable LULUCF project

Sustainability dimensions

Economic Environmental Institutional

Action path

Project design, planning and implementation

Control path

Project monitoring and evaluation

Sustainability issues

Targets

Strategies

Tasks

Guidelines


Sustainability principles

Criteria

Indicators

Norms

Verifiers

6

Framework definitions (1/3)

• An Issue is a main theme or domain that should be covered to reach SD (e.g. The environmental issue). SD is essentially a multi-issue optimization process

• A principle is an accepted fundamental rule of

SD. It is formulated as a commandment (e.g. The protection function should be maintained, and where appropriate, enhanced)


7


• A target is a long term planning objective aiming at the implementation of a principle

• A strategy a long-term methodological approach followed to reach a target

• A task is a concrete item of an action plan bringing targets and strategies to implementation

• A guideline is a set of practical instructions important for successful implementation of a task


8


• A criterion describes the state of the system under compliance with a principle. It is formulated to allow a verdict (e.g. Soil erosion is minimized)

• An indicator is a variable indicating the level of compliance with a criterion

• A norm or threshold is a well-defined indicator value setting the boundary between compliance and noncompliance to a criterion

• A verifier is a tool or instrument to measure an indicator


9

Framework for CDM-AR: example

Hierarchical level

Aim

Dimension

Example

Sustainable LULUCF project

Environmental

Action path:

Issue Ecosystem protection

Target

Strategy

Erosion control

Fight soil erosion through preventive action

Task

Guideline

Preventive erosion control during road construction works

Guideline for good environmental practice concerning the protection of stream flows during road construction works


10

Framework for CDM-AR: example

Hierarchical level Example

Aim Sustainable LULUCF project

Dimension Environmental

Control path:

Principle

Criterion

Indicator

Norm

Verifier

The protection function shall be maintained and, if appropriate, enhanced

Soil erosion is minimized

Annual sediment loss in tonnes/ha

Maximum soil loss = 10 tonnes/ha/year

Calculation of USLE (Universal Soil Loss

Equation)


11

Principles under the Environmental Issue

1.

The overall GHG balance (including carbon in peat and soil,

N2O, CH4, etc.) of the project shall be positive

2.

Forest area shall be conserved or restored, forest vitality and condition shall be maintained and where appropriate enhanced

3.

The Productive function of the forest shall be maintained, forest regeneration secured and sustainable harvest promoted

4.

Biodiversity, ecological processes and life support functions of the ecosystem shall be maintained, and where appropriate, restored

5.

The Protection function (water, soil) shall be maintained and where appropriate restored


12

Examples of criteria for environmental principle 4

(biodiversity)

1.

Existing biological, genetic and habitat diversity are maintained and conserved where necessary

2.

Numbers, area and distribution of Landscapes, forest types and habitats with specific biodiversity values are conserved

3.

Plantation forests are only accepted if they do not replace natural forests, demonstrate to decrease pressure on the natural systems and demonstrate local socio-economic benefits

4.

Afforestation/reforestation makes maximal use of native species; use of exotics is minimized and is dependent on a number of restrictions

5.

The use of biocides, fertilizer, genetically modified organisms, non native plant, animal, pest and disease species is not allowed or regulated under strict conditions


13

Example of indicators for environmental principle 4, criterion 1 (conservation of biodiversity) modified from national C&I of ITTO for natural tropical forests

• Percentage of original range occupied by selected endangered, rare and threatened species.

• Existence and implementation of a strategy for in situ and/or ex situ conservation of the genetic variation within commercial, endangered, rare and threatened species of flora and fauna.

• Existence and implementation of management guidelines to:

(a) keep undisturbed a part of each AR zone, (b) protect endangered, rare and threatened species of flora and fauna, and (c) protect features of special biological interest, such as river banks, cliffs, nesting sites, niches and keystone species.

• Existence and implementation of procedures for assessing changes of biological diversity of the production forests, compared with areas in the same forest type kept free from human intervention.


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Indicators should meet following criteria:

• Cost effective and simple in measuring

• Sensitive to the considered principle and criterion

• Universally applicable (rule for auditing, recommendation for monitoring)

• Quantitative

• Spatially explicit

• Not arbitrarily chosen but based on a solid ecological concept. We propose the ecosystem exergy concept

• Measuring as much as possible endpoints in the cause-effect chain

• Low in number

• Integrate the time aspect

• Distinguish reversible from irreversible impacts


15

Recommendations concerning environmental issues (1/2)

1.

RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE ACTION

PATH (PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION PHASE)

1.1.

All 6 environmental issues should be adopted in CDM-AR project design and management plan

1.3.

Guidelines for good environmental practice in CDM-AR projects must be developed and adopted

1.4

Environmental risk and uncertainty analysis must be integrated in the design and management of a CDM-AR project


16

Recommendations concerning environmental issues (2/2)

2 . RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE EVALUATION PATH (MONITORING

AND ASSESSMENT PHASE)

2.1. Project initiators should create, use and update a database integrating maps, inventory and monitoring data of all environmental information concerning the project area

2.2. The assessment tools used for monitoring and auditing must be flexible to cope with variable experience and data availability

2.3 Assessment tools should be standardized as far as possible

2.4 The use of a functional unit to express environmental impacts is advisable

(e.g. 1 Ton of avoided or reduced CO

2

).


17

2. Environmental impact in

CDM-AR (demand side)

• Kyoto protocol (1997): no rules specified

• CoP9 Milano (2003): Modalities and Procedures for

AR project activities under the CDM in the 1st. commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol

– Many rules and guidelines on carbon accounting (baseline, additionality, non-permanence) with reference to the IPCC

Good Practice Guidance for Land use, Land-Use Change and Forestry.

– Very few explanation on other environmental and socioeconomic issues. More detail only in annex B under the contents of a Project Design Document (PDD)


18

Environmental impacts in PDD

• describe the project activity, the present environmental conditions including climate, hydrology, soils, ecosystems, and the possible presence of rare of endangered species and their habitats. They also mention that the PDD should also include the following information on the environmental impact of the project activity:

• Include documentation on the analysis of the environmental impacts of the project activity, including impacts on biodiversity, natural ecosystems, and impacts outside the project boundary of the proposed afforestation and reforestation project activity under the CDM. This analysis should include, where applicable, information on, inter alia, hydrology, soils, risk of fires, pests and diseases;

• If any negative impact is considered significant by the project participants or the host Party, a statement that project participants have undertaken an environmental impact assessment, in accordance with the procedures required by the host Party, including conclusions and all references to support documentation.

Consequence: the assessment methods for

CDM-AR must at least include these aspects


19

3. Methods to assess environmental impact

• A variety of methods for sustainability assessment is available

• The question is which ones can best serve our goals and meet the requirements of CoP9

• Rule: not start from the method, but from the problem to solve (using a stakeholders approach)


20


• General:

Environmental legislation

• Action path (methods for design, planning and implementation)

– Design and Planning

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

• Risk Analysis

– Implementation

• Codes of Good Environmental Practice

• Decision Support Systems (DSS) or Knowledge Based

Systems (KBS)


21


• Evaluation path (methods for monitoring and auditing)

– State of the Environment Reporting

– Environmental auditing (including standards of P,C&I of SFM)

– Life Cycle Assessment

– Cost/Benefit Analysis


22

Environmental legislation

• Objective: prevention, control and punition

• Characteristics:

– Develops slowly following increased human pressure on natural resources

– Based on the Polluter pays principle (taxes, charges, fines, compensation for damage)


23

Environmental Impact Assessment

• Definition: a procedure for encouraging decision-makers to take account of the possible effects of development investments on environmental quality and natural resource productivity before any decision is made

• Objective: Prevention of environmental damage or degradation as a result of human action

• Characteristics: follows a systematic interdisciplinary approach to produce an

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)


24

Strategic Environmental Impact

Assessment (sEIA)

• Definition: an EIA for policies and programmes on a wider geographical level


25

Risk analysis

• Concept: reduce risks to ALARA level (as low as reasonably acceptable)

• Objective: assess the probability of an accident and of the damage it would cause; determine the ALARA level

• Types of risk: technical or environmental, social, marketing, juridical, financial.


26

Codes of good environmental practice

•Operational tool for daily practice

•Example: the South African code of good harvesting practice, used for:

•Planning of forest roads, extraction routes and timber harvesting

•Monitoring of operations in progress

•Feedback during and after completion of the operations

(auditing)


27

Codes of good environmental practice. Example: the South

African harvesting code of practice

•The code first defines the values to care for:

•Soil

•Water

•Forest health

•Scientific and ecological interests

•Paleontological, archaeological and historical values

•Aesthetic and recreational values

•Human resources

•Commercial interests


28

Codes of good environmental practice. Example: the South

African harvesting code of practice

•The code gives rules of practice for:

•Construction of forest roads, landings and extraction routes

•Timber harvesting

•Post harvesting operations

•For each activity the following aspects are explained:

•The factors influencing the activity

•Potential effects of bad practice

•Positive effects of good practice

•Methods of reducing potential negative effects

•Essential elements of the operational plan


29

II.3. Decision support systems

• Sustainable forest management depends on decisions. The right decisions can be hard to make because of:

– the complexity of the problem.

– the inherent uncertainties in the outcome.

– The multiple objectives that have to be achieved, which means that progress in one direction may impede negative effects in others. In such case a decision maker must trade off benefits in one area against cost in another.

– different perspectives may lead to different conclusions.


30

Decision support systems: a definition

• A decision support system is a computer software package, designed and operated to model or otherwise represent the structure of a decision problem and thus allow the user(s) to identify and select a preferred strategy or other course of action from two or more alternatives against a pre-determined set of criteria.

• A DSS may be defined by its capabilities in several critical areas:

 Aimed at poorly structured, underspecified problems

 Combine the use of models or analytical techniques with traditional data access and retrieval functions

 Easy to use by non computer specialists in an interactive mode

 Emphasize flexibility and adaptability to accommodate changes in the decision making approach of the end-user


31

Spatial Decision support systems (sDSS)

• Takes spatial variation into account: ideal for land management

• Uses GIS technology

• Scales up point models to the landscape level

• Exemple: AFFOREST: a spatial decision support system for afforestation optimizing for carbon sequestration, groundwater recharge and nitrate leaching


32

Second step: analysing the type of question

Time Afforestation Strategy

Initial system Metamodel


Afforested system

33

Evaluation of Decision support systems for sustainable forest management

Strengths:

• user friendly

• able to give simple answers to complex questions

• adapted to specific or local problems

• can include all aspects of sustainability

• can include a lot of existing expert knowledge

• able to model in time (prediction) and space

Weaknesses:

• very complex and expensive to design

• very few systems are operational

• user doesn’t know or understand what is behind


34

State of the Environment Reporting

• Objective: Long-term monitoring of trends; describe measures and policies taken

• Steps: data acquirement; storage; analysis; statistics; reliability

• Examples: State of the World report (world watch institute); Dobris assessment (European Environment

Agency); Company reports (as part of annual reports)


35

Standards of P,C&I of SFM

• The most widespread evaluation tool for sustainable forest management

• More than 150 standards available worldwide

• Standards for the national and for the Forest

Management Unit (FMU) level:

– National standards: for evaluating the effectiveness of the national forest policy

– FMU standards: for evaluating the sustainability of the management and for forest certification (FSC,

ISO 14000, PEFC)


36

Strengths and weaknesses of C&I for SFM

• Strengths:

– BATNEEC method for SFM evaluation: Best Available Technique

Not Entailing an Excessive Cost

– Standards adapted to local conditions and local problems

– Low technical skills required to use

• Weaknesses:

– Poor scientific base (what do they exactly intend to measure?)

– Arbitrary choice of C&I

– Arbitrary weights attributed to C&I

– Not a quantitative, but a descriptive approach (when it is sustainable, how sustainable is it?)

– No clear reference system

– No universal applicability (important if you want to compare different management systems or different wood products)

– Poor uniformity between standards in contents and semantics


37

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• Method developed in industry to compare environmental impact of products and production processes with a clear emphasis on continuous improvement

• Quantitative approach, mass balances of inputs and outputs

• Including the complete life cycle of a product from cradle to grave


38

Life Cycle Assessment: an ISO

14040 standardised stepwise procedure

Life Cycle Assessment ( (LCA) framework

1. Definition of goal and scope

2. Life cycle

Inventory

(LCI)

4. Interpretation

(including sensitivity analysis, aggregation and conclusion)

3. Life cycle

Impact

Assessment

(LCIA)

Applications:

-product design and product optimisation

- planning

- marketing


39

LCA: differences with C&I

• It does not include socio-economic and cultural aspects; it is restricted to the environmental aspects of sustainability

• It is more standardized (stepwise methodology, linearity, no double counting, sensitivity analysis)

• It is more quantitative and less subjective

• It is, in principle, universally applicable: all land use systems and climate conditions


40

LCA: some important concepts

• System boundaries: In the definition of goal and scope, it is decided which aspects and processes will be part of the study and which ones will be excluded

• Functional unit: It is the unit of the end product to which each impact is expressed (e.g. one newspaper in the case of an LCA for paper; one km in the case of an LCA for vehicle fuels, etc.)

• Impact category: an LCIA is performed per impact category: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions , extraction of abiotic resources, eutrophication, acidification, human health, land use , etc.


41

LCA: some examples

• Example 1. Impact category GHG emissions in an LCA for electricity production from bioenergy crops (short rotation coppice) (1/3)

– Goal and scope: which coppice system is having the strongest GHG emission reduction?

– Inventory analysis (literature study)

– Impact analysis in two steps:

• dynamic modelling with GORCAM (Graz Oak Ridge

Carbon Accounting Model)

• express impact per functional unit (1 Kwh of electricity+heat)

• Compare with a reference system (leaving the land setaside and produce electricity from natural gas)


42

Impact assessment: modelling the GHG balance

(2/3)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

-200

Bodem A

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

Tijd [jaar]

Soil Dead organic matter Trees Displaced foss. fuels Fossil fuel input

• carbon sequestration is low

• substitution for fossil fuels decreases GHG emissions substantially

• overall GHG emission reduction is very high


43

Impact assessment: results per functional unit (3/3)

(Lettens et al. 2002)

1600

1200

800

Performance per area

400

0 fk

-400 emissie productsysteem

(per ha) emissie referentiesysteem (per ha) broeikasgasemissie (per ha) wilg

Miscanthus hakhout

0,06

0,04

0,02

0

0,14

0,12

0,1

0,08

Performance per energy unit produced broeikasgasemissie (per geproduceerde GJ)

• Performance on a ha basis differs from the one on an energetic basis

• Best performance of mixed native coppice on an energetic basis explained by higher carbon sequestration in soil, lower N fuel use

2

0-emission and lower fossil


44

Example 2. Impact category land use for LULUCF projects

(Land use, land use change and forestry) in the framework of the Kyoto protocol (1/7)

– Goal and scope: which forestry project will have the lowest land use impact?

– Inventory analysis: literature data and field observations

– Impact assessment

• method Muys and Garcia (2002) has 17 quantitative indicators comparing the exergy level of the land use system with the exergy level of the climax system at the same site. Indicators cover 4 themes (soil, water, vegetation structure and biodiversity)

• expressing the impact per functional unit of 1 ton CO2 emission reduction


45

• Land use Impact assessment (2/7)

– The land use impact score is the difference in land quality between the present land use and the reference system, multiplied by the time/space requirement to produce one functional unit.

Q



Q

1

Q reference system.

Score

 

Q *

 area * time



FU

* FU



1


Q land use. t

46

• Land use impact assessment indicators (3/7)

S1

S2

S3

Indicator

Soil compaction

Soil structure disturbance

Soil erosion

 i



Q area i

*

 perm ref

 perm i

 total area * perm ref

* 100 worked area * depth







* total time area rotation period



 * 100





100 * ( USLE ) inm

Total Rootable Soil depth

1 m



 .

* 100

Reference

100% unaffected at soil permeability ref

100% undisturbed

No soil erosion

S4 Cation

Exchange

Capacity

(CEC)



1



CEC act

CEC ref

* 100

CEC ref

S6 Base

Saturation



1



Base Sat act

Base Sat ref

* 100

Base Sat ref

W1 Evapotranspiration



1

 evapotrans piration act evapotrans piration ref

* 100

Evapotranpirati on ref.


47

• Land use impact assessment indicators (4/7)

W2 Surface runoff surface runoff prec .

 evapotranp

* 100

No surface runoff

V1 Total aboveground living biomass

(TAB)



1



TAB act

TAB ref

* 100

Total above ground living biomass ref

V2 Leaf area index (LAI)

V3 Height

V4 Free Net

Primary

Production

(fNPP)



1



LAI act

LAI ref

* 100



1



Height act

Height ref

* 100











1









NPP act

 harvested biomass

NPP ref







 













* 100

Leaf Area

Index ref

Height ref

Net Primary

Production ref


48

Land use impact assessment indicators (5/7)

V5 Crop biomass





1

 crop biomass total biomass



 * 100

No crop species or harvest

B1

B2

B3

B4

Artificial change of water balance

Liming, fertilisation, empoverishment











1





 area affected total area time

* rotation period







 











* 100











1





 area affected total area time rotation

* period















* 100

Biocides

Cover of exotic species



 1







 area irr



Total area drain area











* 100



 exotic total species species cov er cov er



 * 100

No irrigation or drainage.

No area affected

No area affected

100% native species

B5 Number of species









1

 number of number of species act species ref









* 100

Species richness ref


49

land use impact per unit of area (6/7)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10 la nd bo uw

V

LA

E

N

Bodem

Water

B

O

S

V

LA

E

N

A

G

R

M

U

B

O

V

LA

S

V

LA

n

N

TR ie uw

O

S

V

LA

M

U

B

O

P

a fr om

o ud on ta an

w ou d

O

P

fi jn bo s

P

LA

N

TR

P

LA

N

TR

P

B

O

O

P

p

S

TR

O

P

o

P

B

O

S

TR

P

B

P

LA la nt ag e nb eh ee

O

P

s el

O

S rd ec tie

TR

O

P ve

k

z w er ap fla nd

P

B

O

S

TR bo uw

O

P

o nt bo ss in g

Vegetatie

Biodiversiteit


• all land use types can be compared

• Impact of all land uses on soil and water is low, except for tropical deforestation

• natural systems have lowest impact

• intensively managed plantations systems have higher impact than multifunctional forests

• overall impact of plantation forest does not seem much higher than that of fijnbos vegetation, when afromontane forest was chosen as a reference

• impact of selective logging and shifting cultivation in tropical forest is low

50

Land use impact per FU of 1 ton CO

2

(7/7)

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

Bodem

Water

ENBOSVLA

ENAGRVLA

MUBOSVLA nieuw

MUBOSVLA oud

Vegetatie

Biodiversiteit

PLANTROP

PBOSTROP

Biodiversiteit

Vegetatie

Water THEMA

Bodem


• result of multiplying land use impact with area*time needed to produce 1 FU

• intensive energy crops have a very low impact, because their time*space requirement per ton

CO2 emission reduction is very low

• multifunctional forests have a high impact, because their time*space requirement per FU is very high

51

Evaluation of LCA for sustainable forest management

Strengths

• Transparent, objective, quantitative approach

• Suitable for comparing options

• Suitable for making improvement

• Compatible with the exergy law

Weaknesses

• Only for the environmental aspects of sustainability (other aspects can be done with cost benefit analysis

• Data requirements can be high

• More difficult than C&I to perform


52

3.2. Stakeholders’ driven selection of methods

What sustainability concerns do different stakeholders of CDM-

AR projects have?

Policy makers (POL): Does the national CDM-AR Scheme meet the requirements of SD?

Forest managers (MAN): Does the FM plan and its implementation meet the requirements of SD?

Managers of forest industry (IND): Which production scheme (in terms of silviculture, harvesting and transport) has the lowest environmental impact?

End consumers (CON): Does a purchased wooden product comes from sustainable forest?

Conservation group (NGO): What is the environmental impact of afforestation in a particular zone?


53

Example: some available environmental assessment tools to answer these questions:

Criteria and Indicators (C&I)

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Knowledge-based Systems (KBS)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)


54

The best fits between questions and methods to answer (Baelemans &

Muys, 1998)

POL MAN INV CON NGO

C&I -0,20 0,42 -0.66 0,36 -0,02

LCA 0.18 -0.36 0,66 -0,14 -0.20

KBS -0,56 0,62 -0.43 0,17 0,01

EIA 0,36 -0,07 -0.11 -0.30 0,65

CBA 0.10 -0.56 0,34 0,26 -0.49

POL  EIA (not significant)

MAN  KBS (significant)

IND  LCA (significant)

CON  C&I (not significant)

NGO  EIA (significant)


55

4. Assessment Methods for CDM-AR

• For a programme (country):

– Programme design: Strategic Environmental Impact

Assessment (sEIA) and, if not in place, Environmental

Legislation

• For a project:

– Project design: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), including Risk Analysis

– Project monitoring and internal auditing: Land Use Impact

Assessment (a new method based on LCA), leading to an annual State of the Environment Report

– External auditing: P,C&I leading to SFM certification


56

4.1 Programme design: Environmental legislation and Strategic Environmental

Impact Assessment

•

Countries that did not yet include EIA in their legislation or did not include CDM-AR projects in their EIA legislation may want to do so. The latter is probably only due for big projects from a certain surface area onwards.

Small-scale projects may be exempt from this obligation.

The definition of a small-scale project is under discussion at SBSTA.

•

A strategic or programmatic EIA is an EIA for policies and programmes on a wider geographical level. This is recommendable in countries where CDM-AR may become a big issue and where some general rules and procedures must be developed, as suggested in the CoP9

Decision.


57

4.2 Project design: Environmental Impact

Assessment (including risk analysis)

• The output of the EIA is EIS, a document meeting government requirements and added as part of the PDD for UNFCCC.

Important themes to include are: soil erosion, water balance, biodiversity, landscape aesthetics, ecosystem functioning


58

4.3 Project monitoring and internal auditing:

Land use Impact Assessment

• The proposed Land Use Impact Assessment method was developed by Muys and Garcia (2002). It divides the landscape in homogeneous sites (based on climate, soil and topography) and per site, it compares the quality of the actual land use with the quality of a reference state, being the Potential Natural Vegetation of that site.

This is done for 17 indicators, belonging to 4 thematic groups: soil, water, vegetation structure and biodiversity. The method is scale independent and functions for all land uses anywhere in the world.

The data demand is relatively low and it allows to compare different projects among each other. Examples for different Land use, Landuse change and forestry (LULUCF) projects world wide are given.


59

4.4. Project auditing and certification:

Environmental auditing (standards of P, C &

I, state of the Environment reporting)

•

A national standard for CDM-AR can easily be developed from an existing standard for evaluation and certification of

SFM


60

5. Conclusion

•

It can be concluded that instruments for environmental management and assessment are complementary to each other. For further development in CDM-AR it is important that the different instruments used at different levels and stages in the decision process, use as much as possible the same principles, criteria and indicators.


61

Sustainable forestry: an introduction Lecture notes University of

Outline

1. A sustainability framework for CDM-AR

Re-defining sustainability

environment

environment

2. Environmental impact in

CDM-AR (demand side)

3. Methods to assess environmental impact

Codes of good environmental practice

II.3. Decision support systems

Spatial Decision support systems (sDSS)

Strengths and weaknesses of C&I for SFM

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

LCA: differences with C&I

LCA: some important concepts

LCA: some examples

Example: some available environmental assessment tools to answer these questions:

5. Conclusion

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Support

Sustainable forestry: an introduction Lecture notes University of

Outline

1. A sustainability framework for CDM-AR

Re-defining sustainability

environment

environment

2. Environmental impact in

CDM-AR (demand side)

3. Methods to assess environmental impact

Codes of good environmental practice

II.3. Decision support systems

Spatial Decision support systems (sDSS)

Strengths and weaknesses of C&I for SFM

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

LCA: differences with C&I

LCA: some important concepts

LCA: some examples

Example: some available environmental assessment tools to answer these questions:

5. Conclusion

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