7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and
Metalloids
By: Monique Briones, Marie Leibfreid,
Bryanne Vollmer, Richard Wang
In the Periodic Table
ncrease
Increase
• No elements exist
naturally as individual
atoms EXCEPT noble
gases
• Metals—left and
middle
• Nonmetals—top right
• Metalloids—between
metals and nonmetals
• Hydrogen nonmetal
Characteristic Properties
Metals
• Luster, various colors (silver)
• Solids malleable and ductile
• Good conductors heat and
electricity
• Oxides are basic ionic solids
• Form cations aqueous solution
• Corrode
• Dense
• High melting point
Nonmetals
•
•
•
•
No luster, various colors
Solids brittle, hard and soft
Poor conductors heat and electricity
Oxides molecular substances form
acidic solutions
• Anions or oxyanions in aqueous
solution
• Cannot change shape without
breaking
• Low melting point
• Metallic Character—the extent to which an element exhibits the
physical and chemical properties of metals
• Nonmetallic Character— “the extent…” nonmetals
Metals
• Solids room temp. (except
Hg, Cs 28.4C, Ga 29.8C)
• Low ionization energies
• Oxidized
• Form positive ions easily
• Noble Gas Electron
Configuration (Alkali 1+,
Alkaline Earth 2+)
• Transition metals more
than one positive ion
• Alkali, Alkaline Earth,
Transition, and Other
Metals Cont.
• Compounds with
nonmetals are ionic (Ex:
oxides)
• Metal oxides basic,
dissolve in water to
form metal hydroxides
(due to oxide ion)
• React with acids to form
salt and water
• High melting point
Alkali
• Group 1A
• Reactive
• Do not occur naturally
on their own
• Bond with other
elements since there is
only one e- in outer
shell
• Soft
• Explode in water
Alkaline Earth
• Oxidation number: +2
• Reactive
• Not naturally found
uncombined in nature
• I.E.
– Beryllium
– Calcium
– Radium
Transition
• Groups 3-12
• Valence e- in more than
shell
• Several oxidation states
• I.E.
– Titanium
– Iron
– Cobalt
Other Metals
•
•
•
•
Groups 13-15
Solid
High density
Opaque (light cannot get
through)
• Oxidation numbers:
+3,+/- 4, -3
• I.E.
– Aluminum
– Tin
– Lead
Metal Chemical Reactions
• Metal + Nonmetal ––––> Ionic substance
– Ex: 2Ni(s) + O2(g) ––––> 2NiO(s)
• Metal Oxide + Water ––––> Metal Hydroxide
– Ex: Na2O(s) + H20(l) ––––> 2NaOH(aq)
– Ex: CaO(s) + H20(l) ––––> Ca(OH) 2(aq)
• Basicity Due to Oxide Ion
– Ex: O2-(aq) + H2O(l) ––––> 2OH-(aq)
• Metal Oxide + Acid ––––> Salt + Water
– Ex: NiO(s)+ 2HCl(aq)––––> NiCl2 (aq) + H2O(l)
Nonmetals
• Vary greatly in appearance
• 7 Diatomic (Gas: H2, N2, O2,
F2, Cl2; Liquid: Br2; Solid: I2)
• Gain electrons when react
with metals to form noble gas
electron configuration
• Completely nonmetal
compounds are molecular
substances
• Oxides acidic, dissolve in
water to form acids (acid rain)
• Dissolve in basic solution to
form salts
Nonmetal Chemical Reactions
• Tend to gain electrons when react with metals
– Ex: 2Al(s) + 3Br2(l) ––––> 2AlBr3(s)
• Nonmetal Oxide + Water ––––> Acid
– Ex: CO2(g) + H2O(l) ––––> H2CO3(aq)
– Ex: P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) ––––> 4H3PO4(aq)
• Nonmetal Oxide + Base ––––> Salt + Water
– Ex: CO2 (g) + 2NaOH(aq) ––––> Na2CO3(aq)+ H20(l)
Metalloids
• Have metal and nonmetal
properties
• Found in stair shaped section of
periodic table
• Used in computers & calculators
• Shiny or dull depending on
element
• Shape can be changed easily
• Ex: Silicon
– Looks like metal
– Brittle
– Poorer conductor of heat and
electricity than metal
• Electrical semiconductors
Additional Research
Chemical Behavior
Metals
Nonmetals
• Reducing Agents
• Form oxides that react with
water to give hydroxides
• Form basic hydroxides
• React with O, F, H, and other
nonmetals, giving ionic
compounds
• React with other metals, giving
metallic compounds
• Lower electronegativities
• Have 1-5 electrons in valence,
usually not more than 3
• Low ionization potentials, form
cations by loss of electrons
• Oxidizing agents (except noble
gases)
• Form oxides that react with
water to give acids
• Form acidic hydroxides
• React with O, F, H, and other
nonmetals, giving covalent
compounds
• React with metals, giving ionic
compounds
• Higher electronegativities
• Usually have 4-8 electrons in
valence
• High electron affinities, form
anions by accepting electrons in
valence (except noble gases)
Physical Behavior
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Metals
Good conductors of heat
and electricity
Malleable and ductile in
solid state
Metallic luster
Opaque
High density
Mostly solids
Crystal structure in which
each atom surrounded by 812 nearest neighbors
(metallic bonds between
atoms)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nonmetals
Poor conductors
Brittle and nonductile in solid
state
Show no metallic luster
May be transparent or
translucent
Low density
Gases, liquids, or solids
Form molecules that consist
of atoms covalently bonded;
noble gases monatomic
Metalloids
• Has both properties
• Has appearance of metal, but
behaves chemically like
nonmetal
• Boron (B), Silicon (Si),
Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As),
Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te),
Polonium (Po), Astatine (At)
• Not Aluminum
• Semiconductors of electricity
• Conductivity increases with
temp. (metals decrease)
• Ex: Silicon
– Metallic luster
– Forms weak acid
Periodic Trends
• Consistent with trends of
ionization energy, electron
affinity, and electronegativity
• Effective nuclear charge
increase across period (left to
right) and decrease down
group (top to bottom)
• Atomic Radius (decrease)
• Ionization Energy (increase)
• Electron affinity (general
increase)
• Electronegativity (increase)
• Polarizability (Decrease)
Dependence Oxidation Number
• As oxidation number of
element increases,
metallic behavior
decreases, nonmetallic
behavior increases
• HOCl (+1) is weak acid,
HClO4 (+7) is strong acid
• TlCl (+1) is ionic,
TlCl3 (+3) is covalent
Acidic and Basic Properties
• Basic oxide—oxide that reacts with acids
• Acidic oxide—oxide that reacts with bases
• Amphoteric oxide—oxide with both basic and acidic
properties
•
•
•
•
MgO(s)+ 2HCl(aq) ––––> MgCl2 (aq) + H2O(l)
CO2 (g) + NaOH(aq) ––––> NaHCO3(aq)
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) ––––> 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H20(l)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) ––––> 2Na[Al(OH)4](aq)
Helpful Websites:
• http://www.gordonengland.co.uk/elements/n
on%20metals.htm
• http://www.cstephenmurray.com/onlinequize
s/chemistry/readingperiodictable/metalnonm
etal.htm ***
• http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045
/notes/Periodic/Metals/Period06.htm
• http://www.webelements.com/