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2
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Warm up & Preview
Background
Text Analysis
Extension

 Warm up : sexism against women
 Background : Virginia Woolf; Stream of
Consciousness
 Text appreciation : the organization of the speech; the characteristic of language in the speech; the rhetorical devices
 Extension : introduction to the most influential women in the world

I have to keep silent

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The term 'sexism' is most commonly applied to sexism against women, and expressed by either men or women is called male chauvinism .
Historically, in many patriarchal societies, women have been and are viewed as the "weaker sex". Women's lower status can be seen in cases.
•equality under the law,
•political representation of women,
•access to education and employment,
•language
•women victims of domestic violence,
•self-ownership of a woman's body,
•the possible impact of pornography on women
The feminist movement promotes women's rights to end sexism against women by addressing issues.
[pɔ:’nɔgrəfi:] 色情描绘 ,

 women did not receive the vote in the U.S. until 1920 and in the U.K. until 1918.
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New Zealand 1894, Australia 1914, Britain 1918( over 30, and 1928 for all women) America (1920) Japan (1954) China (1953)
In a survey, the percentage of women aged 15–49 who thought that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances, was 90% in
Jordan , 85.6% in Guinea
[‘ɡini]
, 85.4% in Zambia , 81.2% in Laos , and 81% in Ethiopia
[i:θi’əupjə]
 Women in the past have been excluded from higher education. When women were admitted to higher education, they were encouraged to major in subjects that were considered less intellectual; the study of English literature in English and U.S. colleges and universities was in fact instituted as a field of study considered suitable to women's "lesser intellects.“
 Women have historically been excluded from participation in many professions. When women have gained entry into a previously male profession, they have faced many additional obstacles

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Professional discrimination continues today, according to studies done by Cornell University and others. It has been hypothesized that gender bias has been influencing which scientific research gets published. This hypothesis coincides with a test conducted at the University of Toronto led by Amber Budden. Based on the results of this study, almost 10 percent of female authors get their papers published when their gender is hidden.
Women also earn 5-25% less wage as their male counterparts. A male and female could be doing the same job, but the male will usually always earn more than a woman doing the exact same job.
Many countries around the world make it mandatory(
强制的，义务的） for males to join the military, but not females. Men at 18 years of age in the United States are required to register for military conscription to be drafted to war or military service.

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Teaching Hours: 8
Pre-class work for Lesson four
1 A report on the professional women in China.( all the groups)
2. Background information of Virginia Woolf (works, contribution, influence, writing style)
3. Modernism (time. Characteristics, representatives, influence)
4. The characteristics of the language in this essay. (using specific examples to explain)
5. Find out the rhetorical devices in this essay and explain how they function in the essay.

 Her education
In her father’s library
 Her health
3 Mental breakdowns
 Her professions
A book reviewer;
Hosting gatherings of artists and writers
A novelist and essayist
 Her marriage
Leonard Woolf, a writer on politics and economics

 experimentation and innovation in novel writing
 the psychological realm of her characters and the moment-by-moment experience of living
 the techniques of interior monologue and stream of consciousness
 poetic and symbolic quality, subtle style and rich historical and literary reference

 A psychological term
 Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual's point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Monologue
Psycho-analysis
Montage
Poetic and musical quality
1.
Pilgrimage(1915-1938)by
Dorothy Richardson,
2.
Ulysses(1922)by James Joyce,
3.
Mrs.Dalloway(1925) by Virginia
Woolf
Stick together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image;
"he used his computer to make a collage of pictures

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The Voyage Out (1915)
《远航）
Night and Day (1919) 《时时刻刻》
Jacob’s Room (1922) 《雅各布的房间）
Mrs. Dalloway (1925) 《黛洛维夫人》
To the Lighthouse (1927) 《到灯塔去》
Orlando: A Biography (1928)
《奥兰多》
A Room of One’s Own (1929) 《自己的房间》
The Waves (1931) 《海浪》
The Years (1937) 《岁月）
Three Guineas 《三个基尼）
Between the Acts
《幕间》
闹鬼的屋子及其他（ The Haunted House and Others) （短篇小说集）

 Modern literary practices. Also, the principles of a literary school that lasted roughly the beginning the 20th century until the end of World War II.
Modernism is defined by its rejection of the literary conventions of the nineteenth century and by its opposition to conventional morality, taste, traditions and economic values.

现代主义
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意识流小说
1、意识流小说是20世纪初期（20年代）兴起于西方，以表现人们
的意识流动、展示恍惚迷离的心灵世界为主的小说。认为文学应表
现人物的意识流动，尤其是表现潜意识的活动，人的意识流动遵循
的是“心理时间”，而非物理时间。
2、它以象征暗示、内心独白、自由联想等意识流的创作方法为主
要特征，在本世纪20—30年代英、美、法等国形成一个颇为壮观的
现代主义文学流派。
3、意识流小说家所运用的艺术手法各有侧重，但艺术特征是共同
的：“作家退出小说”；情节淡化；大量的内心独白和自由联想；
时空交替和心理时间；象征暗示和对比联想；语言使用上的创新和
变异。
4、代表作家是爱尔兰的乔伊斯和英国的伍尔芙，法国的普鲁斯特
和美国的福克钠。

特点
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详细解说：
1、内心独白：意识流小说直接展示所思所感，展示心理的原生态，
不加以条理化、逻辑化，作家退出小说，主观干预较少，注重表现
人物的意识活动本身。 2、采用自由联想的方式，在某对象
上稍许停留，任何外在的刺激都可以打断从前的思维过程而展开新
的思绪。
3、主观性、随意性强，常打破时空限制，跳跃性较大，从心理结
构组织流程，而传统小说多在时空的推移中展开情节。
4、内容和题材上，传统小说往往全知全能，而在意识流小说中作
家地位下降，读者的参与性加强，不注意刻画典型人物，凭借人物
的意识来写人，情节淡化。

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代表作家及其作品：
1、爱尔兰的乔伊斯：《都柏林人》、《青年艺术家的肖像》
2、英国的沃尔夫：《墙上的斑点》、《到灯塔去》
3、法国的普鲁斯特：《追忆逝水年华》
4、美国的福克纳 《喧哗与骚动》（1929），反映了南方望族康普
生家的没落。小说创造了复合意识流方法，使运用意识流手法去发
掘人物的内心生活方面达到了新的高度。着重表现昆丁的变态心理
和班吉神经错乱的潜意识活动。人物（长子昆丁、二子杰生、小儿
子班吉、女儿凯蒂）

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the beginning part, introducing the topic under discussion. the 1st obstacle to becoming a professional woman writer.
a transitional link between her 1st and 2nd experiences.
her 2nd experience in her profession of literature. sums up the author’s two experiences .
conclusion of her speech

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The author introduces her experience as a female writer to illustrate the obstacles facing all women while they pursue professions.

 In which are there fewer experiences (obstacles) for women?
Profession of literature
Science;
Medicine;
Law

 In the profession of literature, the road was cut many years ago by many famous women writers as well as many more unknown and forgotten women writers who have been before her, who have made the path smooth, regulating her steps.
 The family peace was not broken by the scratching of a pen.
 There was no need for a writer to spend much of the family money in order to write .

 维多利亚社会已经形成的家长制度是基于对女性的一种
假定——女性是低等的因而必须依赖于男性。而这种假
定同样也作用于去定义男性作为女性的对立面——男性
是强壮、理性、有侵略性和优秀的。在这样的系统中，
男性优越性是建立在女性低劣性的基础上，因此，妇女
运动对于男性地位的威胁十分明显。男性不仅害怕失去
他们的优越地位，也担心这种社会变革将导致妇女的优
越性。

Unknown
Well-known
Bronte
Sisters
Charlotte,
Emily and
Anne Brontë

 达洛维夫人是一战后英国社会
对女性定义的典型代表：“居家
天使”。她接受社会强加的束缚，
甚至热切地扮演着自己的角色：
政客的太太。

1.
The figure of speech —metonymy
（转喻）
Money, financial conditions
This kind of speech is called metonymy, in which the name of one thing is used in place of that of another associated with or suggested by it.

 The White House
 The crown
 The pen is mightier than the sword.
 He succeeded by the sweat of his brow.
 He is too fond of the bottle
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Fleet Street
10 Downing Street
 The President
 The king or the queen
 The people wielding these instruments
 His own hard work
 The thing contained— wine, liqueur, or drinking in general
 the British press
 the residence and office of the British Prime Minister

2. Pianos and models, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, masters and mistresses, are not needed by a writer.
Teachers or tutors; professional practitioners ( 习艺者 of music or painting; great artists
If you want to be a musician or a painter, you must own a piano or hire models, and you have to visit or even live in cultural centers like Paris, Vienna and Berlin. And also you have to be taught by masters and mistresses. However, if you want to be a writer, you don’t need all this.

3.The cheapness of writing paper is, of course, the reason why women have succeeded as writers before they have succeeded in the other professions.
Sarcastic tone
Tone
The implied meaning is that in the patriarchal society women have been forced into a lower financial status than men.

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How she became a book reviewer when she was a girl.

 4. But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman… instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent, shoes and stocking, or butcher’s bills, I went out and bought a cat.
Basic daily necessities
The figure of speech--synecdoche ( 提喻）
A good synecdoche is based on an important part of the whole and not a minor part.

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We need 50 hands for the work.
It was a fleet of 20 sails.
Have you got any coppers?
He is a foot soldier.
Walls have ears .
During my stay in Rwanda, when I came across the hungry mouths , big or small, I felt sympathetic and helpless as well.
 People
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Ships
Pennies and coins
Infantry
[‘infəntri] 步兵
Listener
 people

Main Idea
The first obstacle
[’ɔbstəkl ] to becoming a professional woman writer.
Question s
1.
What is the obstacle?
2.
What are its characteristics?
3.
How did it stop the author from her working?
4.
How did the author deal with it?

 A poem written by
Coventry Patmore
(1823-1896)
 For Patmore, his wife
Emily represented all that was perfect about a
Victorian wife and head of the home.
A stereotyped
Victorian woman

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 be devoted and submissive to her husband. passive powerless, meek, charming, graceful, sympathetic, self-sacrificing, pious, and above all— pure.
Examples?
Chicken leg;
Sit in a draught

 Be sympathetic
 Be tender
Understand the mind of men and not to disagree with them
Not be too harsh in her criticism
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Flatter Praise the book in an insincere way to please the readers
Deceive
Not write what she really thought
Use all the arts and wiles of our sex Tricks of the female sex, such as charm
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Never let anybody guess that you have a a mind of your own.
Be pure
Such topics as human relations, morality, sex, can’t be dealt with freely and openly by women.

limitless, vast and huge firmly and seriously Totally and unconditionally
All of the three adverbs are for emphasis.

1 2
Every house had a woman like that, who was sympathetic, charming, unselfish and pure .
The belief that every woman should be sympathetic, charming, unselfish, and pure was prevalent in English society.

Those conventional attitudes would have taken away the most important part of her writing, that is, the essence of her writing.

Be sympathetic, charming, unselfish, and pure

8. Thus, whenever I felt the shadow of her wing or the radiance of her halo upon my page, I took up the inkpot and flung it at her.
Throw sth with a lot of force
A circle of light, radiance surrounding the head of an angel
Thus, whenever, I felt the influence of the
Victorian attitudes on my writing, I fought back with all my power.

 Not a real person
 No physical form
 Mental image
 Imaginary nature
 It is far difficult to deal with a phantom than a reality. When you think you have done away with them, you will find them back again. So the struggle takes a long time

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Function
A transitional link between the author’s first and second experiences.
How is the transition achieved?

Main
Idea
Her 2nd experience in her profession of literature.
Question s
1.
What is a novelist state of mind?
2.
How to be as unconscious as possible?
3.
What is the author’s experience?
4.
What is the 2nd obstacle?

Money or profit derived from a sale, business venture

 Be as unconscious as possible
A term of psychoanalysis, referring to the sum of all thoughts, memories, impulses, desires, feelings, etc. of which the individual is not conscious but which influence the emotions and behavior.
For Woolf, the description of the immediate flow of her characters’ thoughts and their feelings of the moment was more important than the realistic depiction of their physical behavior. She conceives of the imagination as shy and hidden so that the writer can only draw the deepest inspiration by suspending everyday rational consciousness in order to liberate an imaginative expression of their deepest creativity.

 1. Translate the sentence
 2. How to understand “unconscious
 如果我说小说家的主要愿望是尽量处于无意识状态，我
希望我没有泄露行业秘密。
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-unconscious means not aware of one’s existence, not conscious of one’s self.
“Sb’s unconscious ” is a term of psychoanalysis, referring to the sum of all thoughts, memories, impulses, desires, feelings, etc, of which the individual is not conscious but which influence the emotions and behaviors.

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 (1) she could be thinking in Freudian terms, that is, expressing a desire to have the subjects of her unconsciousness ,which may reflect ancient angers and anxieties, ruse up into her authorial perspective.
 (2) she may be reacting against the notion expressed by
Henry James in “the art of fiction”, which explicitly expressed his sense that an author should above all attempt to be fully conscious.

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See the same faces
Read the same books
Do the same things day after day, month after month
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A state of perpetual lethargy
The utmost quiet and regularity
The imagination/unconsciousness will not be distracted away from the creative task
.

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Freudian Terms: Freud postulated(
假定） the existence of three internal forces that govern a person’s psychic life:
1.The id （本我） : the instinctual force of life— unconscious, uncontrolled, and isolated
2.The ego
（自我）
: the external force that has contact with the real world.
 3.The super-ego （超我） : the governing force, or moral conscience, that seeks to control and direct the ego into socially acceptable patterns of behavior.

A state in which you behave as you were asleep but are still able to hear and understand what is said to you, similar to the unconscious state.

A fisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake
Her imagination, like the line, rushed away, seeking the pools, the depths, the dark places. But it came across a smash, an explosion, foam and confusion.
The deep lake is her inner world that lies hidden in the deepest part of her unconscious existence.

Sth about body, about the passions which it was unfitting for her as a woman to say.

 She realized that men didn’t approve of a woman telling the truth about the body and her passions.
This realization interrupted her imagination and roused her from the state of unconsciousness.

3. For though men sensibly allow themselves great freedom in these respects, I doubt that they realize or can control the extreme severity with which they condemn such freedom in women.
D. H. Lawrence’s novel
Lady Chatterley’s Lover
It was a sensible thing for men to give themselves great freedom to talk about the body and their passions. But if women want to have the same freedom, men condemn such freedom in women. And I do not believe that they realize how severely they condemn such freedom in women, nor do I believe that they can control their extremely sever condemnation of such freedom in women.

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It sums up the author’s two experiences, pointing out that the second obstacle is more difficult to overcome than the first.
Women have many prejudices to overcome in the profession of literature and especially in new professions that women are entering.

 The 1st has to do with the conscious way of thinking, one’s education, social attitudes and traditional values, etc. The 2nd experience has to do with one’s unconsciousness , the depths of the unconscious being. Thus it is more difficult to define, to examine and certainly harder to deal with.

 Indeed it will be a long time still, I think, before a woman can sit down to write a book without finding a phantom to be slain, a rock to be dashed against.
Slay--kill
It will take a long time for women to rid themselves of false values and attitudes and to overcome the obstacle to telling the truth about their body and passions.

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Woolf concludes her speech by raising some important questions concerning the new role of women and the new relationship between men and women.

freedom
How to decorate it?
With whom to share it?
A room of one’s own
Upon what terms?
How to furnish it?

11. Even when the path is nominally open---when there is nothing to prevent a woman from being a doctor, a lawyer, a civil servant---there are many phantoms and obstacles, as I believe looming in her way.
Appear, take shape
Even when the path is open to women in name only, when outwardly there is nothing to prevent a woman from being a doctor, a lawyer, a civil servant, inwardly there are still false ideas and obstacles impeding a woman’s progress.

12. You have won rooms of your own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men.
Until this time; to now
Through fighting against the Angel in the House, through great labor and effort, some women have gained a position or certain freedom in a society which has been up to now dominated by men.

 13.Have you going to furnish it, how are you going to decorate it…upon what terms?
a. Conditions of a contract, agreement; b. mutual relationship between or among people; c. footing d. Price
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I bought this car on reasonable terms.
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We are on good terms with all our neighbors.
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If I agree to do this, it will be on my terms.
 Under the terms of agreement, Hongkong returned to China in 1997.

Mother Teresa [tə'ri:sə]
（ 1910-1997 ）

 Mother Teresa was born in 1910 in Macedonia( 南斯拉夫） . Her father was a builder. When she was young, Mother Teresa studied religion and loved everyone. She became a nun in Ireland and left for India in 1929.
 She taught Geography for many years in India. She spent her life caring for the poor. Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name “ Saint of the Gutters .” （贫民窟的圣人）
 The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 . She founded an order of nuns called the
Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor.
Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity
（仁爱传教修女会） have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide.

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Madame Curie was one of the greatest scientists in the world She was born in
1867 She first lived in Poland, then to
France When she was very young she was interested in science She worked very hard and discovered the element radium She received the Nobel Prizes for Physics and
Chemistry respectively in 1903 and in 1911
For the last ten years of her life she was almost blind The radium with which she had worked for many years had caused blindness and illness and finally a disease of the blood She died in Paris at the age of
66
Today she is remembered as a great scientist But she is also remembered for her determination and courage

Helen Adams Keller
(June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an
American author, political activist and lecturer . She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. The story of how Keller‘s teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has become known worldwide through the dramatic depictions of the play and film “The
Miracle Worker”.( 奇迹创造者）

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1. Nothing can slow down his progress.
A. prevent B. impede C. excel D. torment
2. She moved in a sudden turn that makes it seems that she is going to speak.
A. to make as if to speak B. to figure to herself
C. be that as it may D. to speak without figure
3. My little niece always causes problems between me and when I go about my reading.
A. does battle with B. gives away
C. comes between D. turns upon

 4. Flights have been ___________ by the fog.
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A. dislocated B. disordered C. disputed D. disquieted
5. I accept that he is old and frail;__________, he’s still a good politician.
A. to make as if to do B. to speak without figure
C. to figure it to myself D. be that as it may

Error Correction
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Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can’t help being strucked by the __1__ appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too __2__ short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous.
The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3__
There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4__ by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__ have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6__ style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year, a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7__ on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8__ decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial.
Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9__ waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10__

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1. strucked 改为 struck 或者 stricken strike 的过去式是 struck ，过去分词为 struck 或者 stricken 。
2. date 改为 dated 或者 outdated
3. on other hand 改为 on the other hand
4. entire 改为 entirely
5. minority 改为 majority
从上下文以及常识判断，多半男性成功地抵制了改变他们服装款式
的企图，即多年来，男性大服装款式跟女性服饰相比没有多大的变
化。
6. it
改为 them them
指代 the great majority of men
。
7. fewer
改为 few
此处没有比较的意味。
8.
去掉 on
， lay down
为习语，表示“规定
(
规则，原则，法规等 )” 。
9. sometime
改为 sometimes
。
10. height
改为 high
形容词作 be
的表语。

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