Plant
Kingdom
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Plant Adaptations to Land
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Problems:
Need minerals
Gravity
Increase in
Height for Light
Adaptations for
Drier
environment
Reproduction
Solutions:
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Roots absorb H2O &
minerals
Lignin & cellulose in cell
walls
Vascular Transport
System
Waxy cuticle &
stomata with guard
cells
Pollen containing sperm2
How Are Plants
All Alike?
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Plant Characteristics
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Multicellular
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid
membranes
Surrounded by cell walls containing
cellulose (polysaccharide)
Store reserve food as amylose
(starch)
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Plant Reproduction
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Alternation of generations life
cycle
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage
Produce multicellular embryo
protected inside multicellular
haploid (gametophyte egg sac)
tissue
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Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte
2n Sporophyte
2n gametophyte
1n pollen
2n seed with
plant embryo
Sporophyte
Ovary with
1n ovules
(eggs)
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Plant Reproduction
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Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
produces haploid spores by
meiosis
Haploid spores undergo mitosis to
produce gametophyte stage
Gametophyte makes gametes
(eggs and sperm) by meiosis
Zygote (2n) produces the new
sporophyte
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Plant
Divisions
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Taxonomy
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Plants are divided
into two groups
Based on the
presence or
absence of an
internal transport
system for water
and dissolved
materials
Called Vascular
System
Vascular
Bundles
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Vascular System
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Xylem tissue carries water and
minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made
by photosynthesis from the leaves
to where they will be stored or
used
Sap is the fluid carried inside the
xylem or phloem
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Main Parts of Vascular
Plants
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Shoots
-Found above ground
-Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of
plant
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant
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Vascular Plants
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Also called
Tracheophytes
Subdivided into
two groups -Seedless
vascular plants
and Seedbearing vascular
plants
Club Moss
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Seedless Vascular Plants
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Includes club moss (Lycophyta),
horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk
ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns
(Pterophyta)
Whisk ferns
Horsetails
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Seed-Producing Vascular
Plants
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Includes two groups –
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds in
cones
Angiosperms have flowers that
produce seeds to attract
pollinators and produce seeds
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Gymnosperms
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Coniferophyta are
known as conifers
Includes pine,
cedar, spruce, and
fir
Cycadophyta –
cycads
Ginkgophyta ginkgo
Cycad
Ginkgo
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Gymnosperms
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Contains the
oldest living
plant – Bristle
cone pine
Contains the
tallest living
plant – Sequoia
or redwood
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Angiosperms
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Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an
egg or ovule is fertilized by
pollen in the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male
(stamen) and/or female
(ovaries) parts of the plant
Fruits are frequently
produced from these
ripened ovaries (help
disperse seeds)
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Angiosperms
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Division Anthophyta
Subdivided into two groups –
Monocots and Dicots
Monocots have a single seed
cotyledon
Dicots have two seed cotyledons
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Monocots
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Parallel
venation in
leaves
Flower parts in
multiples of 3
Vascular tissue
scattered in
cross section
of stem
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Dicots
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Net venation in
leaves
Flower parts in
multiples of 4
or 5
Vascular tissue
in rings in
cross section
of stem
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Plant Uses
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Why We Can’t do Without
Plants!
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Produce oxygen for the
atmosphere
Produce lumber for building
Provide homes and food for many
organisms
Prevent erosion
Used for food
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More Reasons We Can’t do
Without Plants!
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Produce wood pulp for paper
products
Source of many medicines such as
asprin
Ornamental and shade for yards
Fibers such as cotton for fabric
Dyes
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7 Leaves are part of a plant’s
shoot system. The xylem tissue
in leaves transports —
A the bacteria needed for nitrogen fixation in root
nodules
B the wax required to coat the surface of actively
growing tissue
C the water and minerals that are absorbed by the
roots
D the oxygen that regulates the rate of carbohydrate
production
copyright cmassengale
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44 Copper is a micronutrient that can be found in soil.
Copper is important for reproductive growth in plants and
plays an indirect role in chlorophyll production. Which
statement correctly describes the interaction that occurs
between the root and the shoot systems of plants to allow
reproduction to occur?
F Copper is produced in the roots when copper-containing
compounds are hydrolyzed.
G Copper that is absorbed by the roots is transported to
reproductive tissues by the shoot system.
H The shoot system stores copper for later use by the roots and
the reproductive structures.
J The shoot system transports copper to the roots after it is taken
in through stomata in the leaves.
copyright cmassengale
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51 Changes in water pressure within guard cells
cause the cells to open or close the stoma. This
response helps the plant maintain homeostasis by —
A stabilizing the plant’s temperature through the
evaporation of water
B regulating the amount of water the plant loses during
transpiration
C allowing oxygen needed for photosynthesis to enter the
plant
D enabling the plant to release more carbon dioxide at
night for photosynthesis
copyright cmassengale
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