Introduction to UNIX
Unix File System
 Stores Files
• Text, Programs, Images, etc.
 Made up of Many Files
• User, Unix System, Unix Commands
2
Unix File System
Top most
directory in Unix
root
usr
Home
Directory
var
home
etc
rdefe
jsmith
djones
data
mbox, letter,
prog1, prog2
jan
feb
file1, file2,
file3, file4
file1, file2,
file3, file4
save
lib
mbox, jandat
info
Directory
containing all
home
directories
x1, x2, x3, x4
3
Unix File System
 Home Directory
• Personal Directory to store files
• Usually the Directory Name = login ID
• Current Directory after successful login
root
usr
Home directories for:
rdefe, jsmith and
djones
var
home
etc
rdefe
jsmith
djones
data
mbox, letter,
prog1, prog2
jan
feb
file1, file2,
file3, file4
file1, file2,
file3, file4
save
lib
mbox, jandat
info
x1, x2, x3, x4
4
Unix File System
 What Can You Do?
•
•
•
•
Create New Files & Directories
Organize Files
Locate Files Based on a Directory Structure
Change to a New Directory
5
Unix File System
 File & Directory Naming Guidelines
• Don’t Use Meta Characters
/\“`*;?{}()[]~!$<>|&#
• Do Use
 a-z A-Z
 0-9
._-
• Remember Unix is Case Sensitive!
6
Unix File System
 File & Directory Name Examples
•
•
•
•
feb1998, 178987, my_data, my.data.new
mbox, Mbox, mboX, MBOX, mBox
prog1..2
.profile
7
Unix Commands
 ls
• List Files & Directories
$ ls
198
A
aa.bb.cc.dd
bin
datefile
etc
mail
mbox
mbox.old
unix
$
8
Unix Commands
 ls -p
• -p Show Directories
$ ls -p
198
A
aa.bb.cc.dd
bin/
datefile
etc/
mail/
mbox
mbox.old
unix/
$
9
Unix Commands
 ls [directory1] [directory2] ...
• List the contents of a directory
$ ls -p
198
A
aa.bb.cc.dd
bin/
datefile
etc/
mail/
mbox
mbox.old
unix/
$
$ ls unix
awk.data
awk.prg
bgraph
cpy
homework2
homework3
unix2test
$
10
Unix Commands
 ls -s
• -s Show File Size in Blocks
• Block Sizes
$ ls -s
 512 bytes
 1024 bytes
 2048 bytes
total 19
1 198
1A
1 aa.bb.cc.dd
1 bin
1 datefile
1 etc
1 mail
2 mbox
1 unix
11
Unix Commands
 ls -l
• -l Long Listing
$ ls -l
total 19
-rw-r--r--rw-r--r-drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
-rw------drwxr-xr-x
$
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
53
62
96
80
64
32
984
144
Sep
Sep
Sep
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Aug
12
12
4
29
29
2
12
29
21:46
21:47
20:58
20:54
20:54
1992
21:44
20:54
198
A
bin
db
etc
mail
mbox
unix
12
Unix Commands
 ls -a
• -a List All Files
Include Files That
Begin with a ‘.’
Files that begin with a ‘.’ are usually
configuration files
$ ls -a
.
..
.profile
.sh_history
198
A
bin
datefile
db
etc
mbox
unix
$
13
Unix Commands
 ls -r
• -r Reverse Sort
 ls -R
• -R List Contents of
Subdirectories
• List files in each subdirectory.
• Subdirectories with Subdirectories
will also be listed…and so on...
$ ls -r
unix
mbox
mail
etc
db
datefile
bin
A
198
$
14
Unix Commands
 ls -l -t
or
ls -lt
• -t Sort On Modification Time
$ ls -lt
total 19
-rw-r--r--rw-r--r--rw------drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
$
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
2
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
62
53
984
96
64
144
80
32
Sep
Sep
Sep
Sep
Aug
Aug
Aug
Sep
12
12
12
4
29
29
29
2
21:47
21:46
21:44
20:58
20:54
20:54
20:54
1992
A
198
mbox
bin
etc
unix
db
mail
15
Unix Commands
 ls -l -t -r or
ls -ltr
• -tr Reverse Sort On Modification Time
$ ls -ltr
total 19
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
drwxr-xr-x
-rw-------rw-r--r--rw-r--r-$
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
rdefe
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
unix
32
80
144
64
96
984
53
62
Sep
Aug
Aug
Aug
Sep
Sep
Sep
Sep
2
29
29
29
4
12
12
12
1992
20:54
20:54
20:54
20:58
21:44
21:46
21:47
mail
db
unix
etc
bin
mbox
198
A
16
Unix Commands
 ls -[ltrRa] [Filename1] [Filename2] …
• UnixCommand Options Arguments
$ ls -lt unix
$
17
Unix Commands
 cat [Filename1] [Filename2] …
•
•
•
•
Concatenate Files
Display Files to the Screen
Ctrl-s Pause Screen
Ctrl-q Unpause Screen
$ cat sample.file
This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how
the pr command is used.
The pr command is useful in formatting
various types of text files.
$
18
Unix Commands
 more [Filename1] [Filename2] …
• Display Files to the screen one page at a time
$ more largefile
This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how
the pr command is used.
The pr command is useful in formatting
various types of text files.
--More--(16%)
 Spacebar (next page)
 b (previous page)
 Enter Key (next line)




q (Quit & return to unix)
/string (search for string)
:n (next file)
:p (previous file)
19
Unix Commands
 pr [Filename1] [Filename2] …
• Format & Display Files to the Screen
$ pr sample.file
98-05-22 23:07
sample.file
Page 1
This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how
the pr command is used.
The pr command is useful in formatting
various types of text files.
$
20
Unix Commands
 pr -[dn] [Filename1] [Filename2] …
• -d Double Space Output
• -n Number Lines
$ pr -d sample.file
98-05-22 23:07
sample.file
Page 1
$ pr -n sample.file
This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how
98-05-22 23:07
the pr command is used.
sample.file
Page 1
1
This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how the
The pr command is useful in formatting
2
pr command is used.
3
The pr command is useful in formatting
various types of text files.
4
various types of text files.
$
$
21
Unix Commands
 lpr [Filename1] [Filename2] …
• Send Files to a Unix Printer
• No Formatting (page numbers, etc.)
$ lpr prog1 mbox
$
$ pr sample.file
Ideal solution would
be to combine the
lpr & pr to achieve
formatted printed
output
98-05-22 23:07 sample.file Page 1
This is a sample file that i'll use
to demo how the pr command is used.
...
22
Unix Redirection
 Output Normally Displayed to the Screen
is Redirected and Becomes the Input to
Another Command
$ pr prog1 | lpr
$
23
Unix Redirection
 The Output of One Command can be used
as the Input to Another
$ pr prog1 | lpr
$
Command that
generates screen
output
Command | Command
Command that
requires input
24
Unix Redirection
Command | Command | Command ...
$ ls | pr | lpr
$
Directory Listing Formatted
Using pr, Printed on Paper
25
Unix Redirection
 Output Normally Displayed to the Screen
Can Be Redirected to a File
$ pr prog1 > prog1.pr
$
Note: Nothing is displayed to
the screen
The file prog1.pr contains
the output of the pr command
26
Unix Redirection
 Redirecting Output
• The Output of Command can be saved to a
File
$ pr prog1 > prog1.pr
$
Command that
generates screen
output
Command > File
File used to capture
(save) screen output
Caution: Output File will
be erased if it already
exists.
27
Unix Redirection
 Redirecting Input
• A Command Requiring Input Can Receive it’s
Input From a File
$ mail rdefe < mesg
$
28
Unix Redirection
 Redirecting Input
$ mail rdefe < mesg
$
Command that
requires input
Command < File
File used to provide input
(instead of typing it!)
29
Redirection Examples
1
$ pr data > data.pr
$ lpr data.pr
2
$ cal 3 1993 > year
Using arguments with redirection
3
$ ls -l data > stuff
Using arguments & options with
redirection
Is the same as
$ pr data | lpr
30
Redirection Examples
4
$ pr data > lpr
5
$ cat text let > mesg
6
$ pr f1 f2 > f1
1
2
Create the file f1
Erases f1 if it already
exists
pr f1 and f2, redirect to f1
31
Unix Commands
 rm [Filename1] [Filename2] …
• remove files
* is a Meta Char that
matches anything
$ rm prog1 mbox
$
$ rm p*
$
Caution
$ rm *
$
Unix Assumes You Know What Your Doing
Be Sure You Know What Your Deleting
No Undelete!
32
Unix Commands
 vi [Filename]
•
•
•
•
Full Screen, Visual Editor
Changes Displayed As They Are Made
Edits A Copy of the File
Changes Must Be Saved
$ vi mesg
 emacs
http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html
33
Unix Commands
Vi Modes
 Command Mode
• Start in command mode
• Every Key Performs an Editing Command
 Insert Mode
• Perform Text Entry/Input
Insert Mode Command
Command Mode
Insert Mode
ESC Key
34
Sample vi Edit Session
$ vi mesg





Welcome to UNIX
Wnewtextelcome to UNIX
This is an example of
a text file in vi
This is an example of
~
a text file in vi
~
~
~
~
:wq
$
Start in Command Mode
Press a key for Append After Cursor Command
Enter text (Input Mode)
Press ESC key (Command Mode)
Press :wq followed by Enter key to Save & Exit
35
Cursor Positioning
 Moving the Cursor in Command Mode
k
Key
h
l
j
w
b
Cntrl-d
Cntrl-u
Enter
G
5G
Command
Forward One Word
Backward One Word
Scroll Down
Scroll Up
Down One Line
Go To Last Line
Go To Line 5
36
Text Input Mode
vi Text Input Mode Commands
Wnewtextelcome to UNIX
a Append After Cursor
Welcome
to UNIXnewtext
This
is an example
of
A Append at End of Line
a text file in vi
is an example ofto UNIX
~ ThisnewtextWelcome
i Insert Before Cursor
~ a text file in vi
is an example of to UNIX
~ ThisnewtextWelcome
I Insert at Beginning of
~ a text file in vi
Line
~ This is an example of
newtext
~ a text file in vi
O Open New Line Above Cursor
Welcome to UNIX
~
o Open New Line Below Cursor
~ This is an example of
R Replace Text (typeover)
a text file in vi
~
r Replace One Char
~
37
Deleting Text
Welcome to UNIX
This is an example of
a text file in vi
~ This is an example of
~ a text file in vi
~
~
x Delete One Char
X Delete Char Before Cursor
dd Delete One Line
 Proceed Any Command with a Number to multiply effect
• 4x
Delete 4 chars
• 5dd
Delete 5 lines
• 3dw
Delete 3 words
38
Undo Changes
Welcome to UIX
Welcome
to UNIXof
This
is an example
a text file in vi
~ This is an example of
WELcome
~ a text
file in vi to UIX 123
~
an example
of
~ This is
Welcome
to UNIX
a text file in vi
~
This is an example of
~
a text file in vi
~
~
x Delete One Char
u Undo Last Change
U Undo All Changes on Line
39
Saving Your Changes
 Command Mode
•
•
•
•
ZZ
:wq
:w data
:q!
Save & Exit vi
Save & Exit vi
Save to a file data
Quit Without Saving Changes
 Vi Reference
•
http://www.eng.hawaii.edu/Tutor/vi.html
40
Other Goodies...
 /string Forward Search for `string`
 ?string Backward Search for `string`
• n
• N
 Ctrl-G
 J
Repeat Search
Repeat Search in reverse direction
Display Current Location in File
Join two lines together
 http://www.thomer.com/thomer/vi/vi.html
41