How to develop a
paragraph
A common
deductive
paragraph
should
be
developed
by
the interconnected
parts
• Usually written at the first
TOPIC
sentence of every paragraph
SENTENCE
• communicate the subject of the
paragraph – general subject and
specific parts
SUBJECT
DEVELOP
MENT
Specific kinds of information: facts
(information and statistics) and
examples
SUMMARY • Methods of writing the summary
sentence:
SENTENCE
1.Repeat the main ideas of the
paragraph in a new way; or
2.Give a conclusion based on the
information in the paragraph.
topic sentence
Compare the following pairs of sentences
1.
Indonesia students go abroad for two main
reasons.
2. Indonesia students go abroad to experience
other cultures and to attend abroad
universities
3. Health care, annual bonuses, and vacation
time are benefits that are offered by ITS
for the employees.
Subject Development:
general subject and specific parts
•
To complete the subject development, the most specific
kinds of information should be developed, the information
can be in the form of facts (information and statistics) or
examples
•
Indonesia students go abroad to experience
other cultures and to attend abroad universities
1.
to experience other cultures
–
–
2.
by living in a country where English is spoken
by staying with a new family
to attend abroad universities
–
–
For a better quality of learning
For learning both content and the language as well
Summary Sentence
• Method 1:
– Repeat the main ideas of the paragraph
in a new way
• Method 2:
– Give a conclusion based on the
information in the paragraph
Example of a paragraph
Indonesia students go abroad to experience other
cultures and to attend abroad universities. For
Indonesia students, staying abroad can become a means
of experiencing other cultures. By living in a country
where English is spoken, they can acquire the language
as well as the indigenous cultures. In addition, they can
learn new living habits while staying with a new family.
Not only the cultures, studying abroad also offers a
better quality of learning and gives more rooms for
learning both the language and the content. It cannot
be denied that all of these can hardly be found in their
home country. Finally, the final goals why students want
to go and stay abroad are possibly due to the eagerness
to know about other people’s cultures and to enjoy more
reputable universities than ones in Indonesia.
Develop an Essay
• Introductory paragraph
– General statement
– Thesis Statement
• Body Paragraphs
– Topic Sentence
– Supporting Sentences
– (Concluding Sentence, only if necessary)
• Concluding Paragraph
– Restatement of the main points,or
– Summary
– Final comment
Introductory paragraph
• General statement – to attract your
reader’s attention
• Thesis statement
– States the main topic
– Often lists the subdivisions of the topic
or subtopics
– May indicate the method of organisation
of the entire paper
– Is usually the last sentence in the
introductory paragraph
EXAMPLES OF THESIS STATEMENT
• TS without subtopics mentioned:
– Being the oldest son has more disadvantages than advantages.
– Young people in my culture have less freedom than young
people in the United States.
– The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has
major effects on cities.
• TS with the subtopics:
– The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has
major effects on a city’s ability to provide housing,
employment, and adequate sanitation services
• A colon (:) used to list two or more subtopics:
– Prejudice arises from three basic causes: childhood
conditioning, ignorance, and fear.
EXAMPLES OF INTRODUCTORY
PARAGRAPH
Any person who has lived in the twentieth
century has seen a lot of changes take place in
almost all areas of human existence. Some people
are excited by the challenges that these changes
offer; others want to return to the simpler lifestyle of the past. The twentieth century has
certain advantages such as a polluted
environment, the depersonalization of human
relationships, and the weakening of spiritual
values.
CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH
• Consists of
– A summary of the main points, or a restatement of the TS in
different words
– Your final comment on the subject.
• Example:
In short, although the twentieth century has indeed given
some of us a lot of advantages by making us richer, healthier,
and freer to enjoy our lives, it has, in my opinion, not made us
wiser. The 20th century has also made our earth dirtier, our
people less humane, and our spiritual lives poorer. We wish to
continue to enjoy the benefits of technological advancement
because they free us to pursue our other interests and goals.
However, we must make a concerted effort to preserve our
natural environment for future generations. Moreover, we
should take the time now to make our lives more meaningful in
our increasingly impersonal, mechanized world.
Paragraf
pengantar
Paragraf
Isi 1:
Less
positive
effects
Paragraf
Isi 2:
Possitive
effects
Paragraf
penutup
Technology pays an important part in daily lives. While many
technological developments may be beneficial-in the field of
medicine, for instance – there are many others whose effects are
less positive. Examples of these in the world of work can easily be
found in the home and in the whole area of freedom and privacy.
In the world of work, technological advances have had various
negative effects. The development of robotics has meant that in
industries, such as car-manufacturing, robots are replacing
people. They work faster and more accurately and they don’t need
breaks. As a result, industrial workers see job opportunities
decreasing further and unemployment levels rising. In addition,
more and more people are working from home using personal
computers, which mean that they lose the stimulus that comes
from working in direct contact with other people and may feel
isolated.
Finally, there are implications of information technology for
freedom and privacy. More facts about individuals are being
stored in data banks, which may be accessed through networks of
computers. This creates an ever-increasing risk of accidental or
deliberate leaking of private details. Every day more information is
collected by banks, credit card companies, consumer
organizations and so on. It is certainly convenient to store
information in this way, but it could lead to long-term problems.
There may be other hidden dangers-theoretically, could a
‘thinking’ computer start to use data against us?
To sum up, people today must be very careful with technology.
While it has clear advantages, there is also the danger that it
could turn on them and they could find themselves the victims of
their success.
analysis of the essay
TS: Many technological developments may be beneficial-in the field of
medicine, for instance – there are many others whose effects are less
positive.
the topic is technological developments that is general
and may be beneficial …less positive effects that are more specific
SP: technological advances have had various negative effects (less positive
effects)
SP: there are implications of information technology for freedom and
privacy (seen from the negative effects)
CP: While it has clear advantages, there is also the danger (restatement of
the thesis statement)
Introductory paragraph
Technology brings problems as well as to
humankind. Since Henry Ford began mass-producing them
in 1908, automobiles have provided us with a cheap and
convenient means of transportation. However, they also
brought us traffic jams and air pollution. A technological
development that is changing our lives as much as the
automobiles is the personal computer. Since the 1980s,
personal computers have become common in homes,
schools, and businesses, and just as automobiles have
brought unexpected problems, so have personal
computers.
(this introductory paragraph begins with universal truth and
then it is specified into something more specific, namely,
personal computers. This topic then is followed with sub
topic, unexpected problems, though, it is better if the
Body paragraphs
To begin with, communication by computer has
caused some problems. Although we can easily send
a message to hundreds of people in an instant way,
we can also receive hundreds of message, both
wanted and unwanted, in just a few minutes. It took
several hours to read all of them. The lack of
censorship in cyberspace is another problem that no
one has solved yet. Our expanded ability to
communicate means that anyone with a computer can
communicate anything to anyone on any subject at
any time. Therefore, a computer-literate child can
receive pornographic photos and listen to chat-room
conversations about sex.
Cont’d body paragraph
In addition to problems in communication,
computers have also caused problems in
business. They have created excellent opportunities
for computerized crime. Computer criminals use their
skills to obtain secret business information and to steal
money. Moreover, the use of computers has
depersonalized business. People are no longer
customers: they are account numbers. Face-to-face
business transactions are no longer necessary, as any
sort of transactions can be done through computer,
phone, or fax. Also, as telecommunicating becomes
more common, workers in the same company interact
with each other less and less. Someday it may be
possible to have a company of people who have never
met face-to-face.
Concluding paragraph
It is clear that personal computers have
made our lives easier, but they have done
so at a cost. As with every new invention,
there have unforeseen consequences. It is up
to us to find the solutions to the problems as
well as to enjoy the conveniences of the new
tool.
Analysis of selected essay : Outline
Introductory paragraph
 personal computers have brought unexpected problems


In communication
In business
Body paragraphs
 unexpected problems in communication




Not only wanted, but also unwanted message delivered through
communication by computer
Lack of censorship
More open access to any sort of information
unexpected problems in business
to obtain secret business information and to steal money
 no more face-to-face business transactions
 Less and less interaction amongst workers at the same company
Concluding paragraph
 It is clear that personal computers have made our lives easier, but they
have done so at a cost

Develop the following topics
into thesis statements
The effects of internet to young users

Certifying the quality of education practitioners

Scientific endeavors taken by ITS to reach
internationally recognized institution

Characteristics of Good Teachers

Effective strategies for learning in higher education
Exchange your TS with your peers, as soon as you get
some comments, make some revisions and
develop into an essay
