Nanotechnology
&
Medicine
Dr. Mohammed Al Omar
Ph D
College of Pharmcy
King Saud University
Nanoscience
• The prefix “nano”is a Greek word for “dwarf”
• One nanometer (nm) is equal to one-billionth of a
meter
• About a width of 6 carbon atoms or 10 water
molecules
• A human hair is approximately 80,000 nm wide
• Red blood cells is 7000 nm wide
• Atoms are smaller than 1 nanometer
• Molecules and some proteins are between 1 nm
and above
Nanoscience
• The concept of nanotechnology was first
coined by Richard Feynman in 1959 in his
lecture “There’s plenty of room at the
bottom”
• Manipulating material at a scale of
individual atoms and molecules
• Imagining the whole Encyclopedia
Britannica written on head of a pin
Nanoscience
• At IBM in the US, a technique called
electron beam lithography was used to
create nanostructures and devices as small
as 40 to 70 nm in the early 1970s
Nanotechnology in Medicine
Nanotechnology is a new field with many
possible uses, medicine being one of them
Nanotechnology
• “The manufacturing technology of the 21st
century"
• The study and manufacture of devices of
molecular dimensions, in the range of
nanometers or one-billionth of a meter
• Most of industrial manufacturing processes
are based on top-down technologies -- i.e.,
they take larger objects and make them
smaller yielding products of fairly high
precision and complexity
Nanotechnology
• Most products of living organisms are constructed
by tiny molecular machines, such as cells and
organelles, working from the bottom up.
• By organizing individual atoms and molecules
into particular configurations, these molecular
machines are able to create works of astonishing
complexity and size, such as the human being
BODY SYSTEMS
CELL
Plasma membrane
Organelles
Nucleus
Cytosol
75 TRILLION CELLS
Nanotechnology
• Nature (Allah) shows that molecules can
serve as machines because living things
work by means of such machinery
• Enzymes are molecular machines that
make, break, and rearrange the bonds
holding other molecules together
• Muscles are driven by molecular machines
that haul fibers past one another
Nanotechnology
DNA serves as a data-storage system,
transmitting digital instructions to
molecular machines e.g., the ribosomes, that
manufacture protein molecules.
Illustrated Figure
GOLGI COMPLEX
Electron Micrograph
THREE DIMENSIONAL ILLUSTRATION OF CELL STRUCTURES
VISIBLE UNDER AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
ERYTHROCYTES (RBCS)
An old red blood cell
White blood cell
PHAGOCYTOSIS
AN OLD RBC
BEING
ENGULFED BY A
WBC
Nanotechnology
• Using special bacterium-sized "assembler"
devices, nanotechnology would permit on a
programmable basis exact control of molecular
structures that are not readily manipulated by
natural molecular machines and molecular
techniques presently available.
• With nanotechnology, atoms will be specifically
placed and connected, all at very rapid rates, in a
fashion similar to processes found in living
organisms
HEAT
METAL
IONS
A future application of Cornell's molecular motor research: With the integration of
biomolecular motor devices and cell-signalling systems -- by engineering a secondary
binding site tailored to a cell's signalling cascade -- researchers plan to use the cell's sensory
system to control nanodevices implanted in living cells. Nanoscale Biological Engineering and
Transport Group/Cornell University.
Nanomedicine
• Some medicines are made through
biotechnological processes, for example those
using recombinant DNA (human hepatitis vaccine)
• Under these processes the DNA of living creatures
(usually bacteria) is altered
• Nanotechnology represents a similar approach to
the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and other
goods.
Nanorobots: Medicine of the Future
• What are they?
• Nanorobots are nanodevices that will be used for
the purpose of maintaining and protecting the
human body against pathogens.
• They will have a diameter of about 0.5 to 3
microns and will be constructed out of parts with
dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers
Nanorobots
• The powering of the nanorobots can be done by
metabolizing local glucose and oxygen for energy
• Other sources of energy within the body can also
be used to supply the necessary energy for the
devices
• They will have simple onboard computers capable
of performing around 1000 or fewer computations
per second.
Nanorobots
• A navigational network may be installed in
the body, which may provide high
positional accuracy to all passing
nanorobots
• This will enable the physician to keep track
of the various devices in the body
Nanorobots
• These nanorobots will be able to distinguish
between different cell types by checking
their surface antigens
• When the task of the nanorobots is
accomplished, they can be retrieved by
allowing them to exfuse themselves via the
usual human excretory channels
Application of Nanotechnology in
Medicine
Therapeutic
Diagnostic
-
Imaging
Quantum dots
Microscopic sampling
Detection of airway
abnormalities
- Delivering medication to the
exact location
- Killing of bacteria, viruses &
cancer cells
- Repair of damaged tissues
- Oxygen transport
- Skin and dental care
- Augmentation of immune system
- Treatment of Atherosclerosis
- The clottocyte concept
- Brain enhancement
Diagnostic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
• Improved imaging of the human (or any) body
• Nanoprobes (miniature machines) can attach
themselves to particles in the body (e.g.,
antibodies) and emit a magnetic field.
• Probes that aren’t attached to anything don’t create
a detectable magnetic
• Nano-tracking may be able to detect tumors that
are a few cells in size. (Alivisatos, 2001)
Diagnostic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
• Another way to use nanotech as tracking devices
is to use “quantum dots”
• These tiny semiconductors are able to emit
wavelengths of light (colors) that depend on their
size. If quantum dot A is twice as big as quantum
dot B, it will emit a different color.
• Quantum dots are better than conventional dyes:
– They last much longer
– More colors can be made available.
“A microscopic
machine roaming
through the
bloodstream,
injecting or taking
samples for
identification and
determining the
concentrations of
different
compounds"
A single
inhaled
nanorobot
reaches,
deeply
inspired into
the lungs,
enters an
alveolar duct
and attaches
to the tissue
surface.
Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
• Nanotech is capable of delivering
medication to the exact location where they
are needed – hence lesser side effects
– Organic dendrimers - a type of artificial
molecule roughly the size of a protein- would
be ideal for the job of delivering medicine
– Hollow polymer capsules - gold-coated glass
beads that are near infrared light sensitive
Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
• Destruction of harmful eukaryotic
organisms / cancer cells by interrupting
their division process
– Certain proteins are capable of doing this (e.g.,
Bc12 family of proteins)
Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
• Nanoprobe can be made to generate
radiation, that could kill bacteria, viruses
and cancer cells
• Nanoprobe comprising of a single caged
actinium-225 atom would detect (using
antibodies) and enter a cancerous cell
• Location and destruction of cancer cells by
acoustic signals
Normal cells
Cancer cells
COMPARISON OF NORMAL AND CANCEROUS
CELLS IN RESPIRATORY AIRWAY OF THE LUNG
Cancer cell
Lethal holes
A CYTOTOXIC
T CELL
DESTROYING A
CANCER CELL
Cytotoxic T cell
Mechanical
drilling of a
small tumor
mass by a
nanorobot
Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
• Nanotechnology also theoretically allows the
mimicking of natural biological processes e.g.,
repair of damaged tissues
– Using nanotech to build scaffoldings of
artificial molecules that bone cells often adhere
to and grow bones on
– Broken bones would heal much faster.
• Transport of oxygen within the body by creating
an artificial red blood cell
A simulated view of a blood sample that might be taken from some
future trauma patient who has received approximately seven
therapeutic respirocyte doses at an accident scene. Each single
respirocyte in the scene can control nearly the same amount of
available oxygen as all eight red cells present in the scene,
combined.
Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
To cure skin diseases, a cream containing
nanorobots may be used it may:
- Remove the right amount of dead skin
- Remove excess oils
- Add missing oils
- Apply the right amounts of natural
moisturising compounds
- Achieve the elusive goal of 'deep pore
cleaning' by actually reaching down into pores
and cleaning them out.
Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
A mouthwash full of smart nanomachines
could identify and destroy pathogenic
bacteria while allowing the harmless flora
of the mouth to flourish in a healthy
ecosystem
Dental
Robots
Four remote-controlled nanorobots examine
and clean the subocclusal surfaces of a
patient's teeth, near the gumline.
Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
Medical
nanodevices could
augment the
immune system
by finding and
disabling
unwanted bacteria
and viruses.
Virus Finder
Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
Devices working in the bloodstream could
nibble away at atherosclerotic deposits,
widening the affected blood vessels.
This would prevent most heart attacks
A NANOROBOT NIBBLING ON AN ATHEROSCLEROTIC DEPOSIT IN A
BLOOD VESSEL
DNA
Repair
Therapeutic Applications of
Nanotechnology in Medicine
• Emergency Management:
– The clottocyte concept
– Clot-inducing medical nanorobots with fullydeployed netting capable of embedding
growing clot with red cells and fibrin strands
CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS ARE SHOWN IN
VARIOUS STAGES OF CLOT-NETTING DEPLOYMENT.
AN ARRAY OF NINE CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS ARE
SHOWN WITH THEIR CLOT-NETTING FULLY DEPLOYED AND
INTERLACED.
MEDICAL NANOROBOTS WITH FULLY DEPLOYED NETTING ARE
SHOWN EMBEDDED IN A PATCHLIKE GROWING CLOT WITH RED
CELLS AND FIBRIN STRANDS INVOLVED.
CLOT-INDUCING MEDICAL NANOROBOTS WITH FULLY-DEPLOYED
NETTING ARE SHOWN EMBEDDED IN A PATCHLIKE GROWING CLOT
WITH RED CELLS AND FIBRIN STRANDS INVOLVED (A CLOSER LOOK)
A REAL LIFE PICTUER OF ERYTHROCYTES
TRAPPED IN THE FIBRIN MESHWORK OF A CLOT
“Stinger"
nanorobot
grabs a sick T
lymphocyte
and injects a
glucocorticoid
designed to
induce
cellular
apoptosis.
The blue, octopus-like nanobot is one of billions of brain cell
enhancers. The central sphere houses a computer, with a
storehouse of information equal to many large libraries
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• GOALS
• Construction of a nano-assembler
– A machine capable of building nanoprobes on a
grand scale
• The next step would be self-replication of
nanoprobes- mitosis
• Rough estimates say that this will be
reached in about 10-20 years
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• PREDICTIONS
• Predicting the future of nanotechnology is
much like trying to predict the remainder of
a motion picture from a single frame
• Although the future of medicine lies
unclear, it is certain that nanotechnology
will have a significant impact
Thank you