(Lec:3)
Asst. Prof. Management Science (USA),
IMRAN HUSSAIN

 Global Environment.
 Social Responsibility.
 Managerial Ethics.

• Point No. 1…

• Opportunities and Challenges:
– Coping with the sudden appearance of new competitors.
– Acknowledging cultural, political, and economic differences.
– Dealing with increased uncertainty, fear, and anxiety.
– Adapting to changes in the global environment.
– Avoiding parochialism . . .
• Is viewing the world solely through its own eyes and perspectives.
• Is not recognizing that others have different ways of living and working.
• Is a significant obstacle for managers working in a global business world.
• Is falling into the trap of ignoring others’ values and customs and rigidly applying an attitude of “ours is better than theirs” to foreign cultures.

• Ethnocentric Attitude:
– The parochialistic belief that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home country.
• Polycentric Attitude:
– The view that the managers in the host country know the best work approaches and practices for running their business.
• Geocentric Attitude:
– A world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globe.

• The European Union (EU):
– A unified economic and trade entity
• Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the
United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Finland, and Sweden
– Economic and monetary union (Euro)
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA):
– Eliminated barriers to free trade (tariffs, import licensing requirements, and customs user fees)
• United States, Canada, and Mexico

• U.S.-Central America Free Trade Agreement
(CAFTA).
• Free Trade Area of the Americas.
• Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur).
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
– Trading alliance of 10 Southeast Asian nations.
• African Union.
• South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SARRC).

• Evolved from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995.
• Functions as the only global organization dealing with the rules of trade among nations.
• Has 149 member nations and 32 observer governments.
• Monitors and promotes world trade.

How Organizations Go Global

• Global Sourcing (outsourcing):
– Purchasing materials or labor from around the world wherever it is cheapest.
• Examples: Nike & Dell (notebook computers)
• Exporting/Importing:
– www.epb.gov.pk
(Trade Development Authority)
– www.ita.doc.gov
(International Trade Administration)
– Getting into exporting/importing . . .
• Government assistance
• Trade shows
• Contact foreign buyers directly
• Foreign distributors

• Licensing:
– Definition: Global strategy in which a firm (the licensor) allows a foreign company (the licensee) to produce its product in exchange for a fee (royalty).
• Franchising:
– Definition: Providing organizations the right to your brand name, technology, or product specifications.
– Franchisors and franchisees
– Franchising vs. licensing: (1) Licensing is primarily used in manufacturing, and franchising is used is service industries. (2) Franchising is typically a more involved relationship.

• Strategic Alliances:
– Partnerships between and organization and a foreign company in which both share resources and knowledge in developing new products or building new production facilities.
• Ex: GM & Toyota partner on manufacturing Toyota Tercels and Chevy Novas.
• Joint Venture:
– A specific type of strategic alliance in which the partners agree to form a separate, independent organization for some business purpose.

• Foreign Subsidiary:
– Directly investing in a foreign country by setting up a separate and independent production facility or office.
– Subsidiaries can be purchased or started from scratch.
– Examples: Nestle (a Swiss-based company) owns
Ralston Purina, Dreyer’s Ice Cream, and Perrier.

• National Culture:
– Is the values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and their beliefs about what is important.
– May have more influence on an organization than the organization culture.

Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Cultures
Individualism versus
Collectivism
Long-Term versus
Short-Term
Orientation
Culture
Power
Distance
Achievement versus Nurturing
Uncertainty
Avoidance

Examples of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Source: Based on G. Hofstede, “Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American Theories
Apply Abroad?” Organizational Dynamics, Summer 1980, pp. 42–63.

• Challenges:
– Openness associated with globalization.
– Significant
Americanization) cultural differences (e.g.,
– Adjusting leadership styles and management approaches.
• Risks:
– Loss of investments in unstable countries.
– Increased terrorism.
– Economic interdependence.

• Point No. 2…

• The Classical View:
– Management’s only social responsibility is to maximize profits (create a financial return) by operating the business in the best interests of the stockholders (owners of the corporation).
– Expending the firm’s resources on doing “social good” unjustifiably increases costs that lower profits to the owners and raises prices to consumers.

• The Socioeconomic View:
– Management’s social responsibility goes beyond making profits to include protecting and improving society’s welfare.
– Corporations are not independent entities responsible only to stockholders.
– Firms have a moral responsibility to larger society to become involved in social, legal, and political issues.
– “To do the right thing”

From Obligation to Responsiveness to
Responsibility
• Social Obligation:
– The obligation of a business to meet its economic and legal responsibilities and nothing more.
• Social Responsiveness:
– When a firm engages in social actions in response to some popular social need.
• Social Responsibility:
– A business’s intention, beyond its legal and economic obligations, to do the right things and act in ways that are good for society.

Major consideration
Focus
Emphasis
Decision framework
Social Responsibility Social Responsiveness
Ethical
Ends
Obligation
Long term
Pragmatic
Means
Responses
Medium and short term
Source: Adapted from S.L. Wartick and P.L. Cochran, “The Evolution of the Corporate Social
Performance Model,” Academy of Management Review, October 1985, p. 766.

• Point No. 3…

• Ethics Defined:
– Principles, values, and beliefs that define what is right and wrong behavior.

Factors That Affect Employee Ethics
• Moral Development:
– A measure of independence from outside influences.
• Levels of Individual Moral Development
– Preconventional level.
– Conventional level.
– Principled level.
– Stage of moral development interacts with.
• Individual characteristics.
• The organization’s structural design.
• The organization’s culture.
• The intensity of the ethical issue.

Stages of Moral Development
Source: Based on L. Kohlberg, “Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Development
Approach,” in T. Lickona (ed.). Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research, and Social
Issues (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976), pp. 34–35.

• Moral Development:
– Research Conclusions:
• People proceed through the stages of moral development sequentially.
• There is no guarantee of continued moral development.
• Most adults are in Stage 4 (“good corporate citizen”).

Individual Characteristics Affecting
Ethical Behaviors
• Values:
– Basic convictions about what is right or wrong on a broad range of issues.

• Personality Variables:
– Ego strength:
• A personality measure of the strength of a person’s convictions.
– Locus of Control:
• A personality attribute that measures the degree to which people believe they control their own life.
• Internal locus: the belief that you control your destiny.
• External locus: the belief that what happens to you is due to luck or chance.

• Structural Variables:
– Organizational characteristics and mechanisms that guide and influence individual ethics:
• Performance appraisal systems.
• Reward allocation systems.
• Behaviors (ethical) of managers.
• An Organization’s Culture:
• Intensity of the Ethical Issue:

How Managers Can Improve Ethical
Behavior in An Organization
1. Hire individuals with high ethical standards.
2. Establish codes of ethics and decision rules.
3. Lead by example.
4. Set realistic job goals and include ethics in performance appraisals.
5. Provide ethics training.
6. Conduct independent social audits.
7. Provide support for individuals facing ethical dilemmas.