Thesis Journal, Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma university, Depok-Kelapa dua
Student ID
20409053
JOURNAL OF BACHELOR DEGREE THESIS
Febrian Aliandi
20409053
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY
2013
Utilization The Seebeck Effect With Tealight Candle Heat Source Using 4 Thermoelectric Modules
Page 1
Thesis Journal, Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma university, Depok-Kelapa dua
Student ID
20409053
UTILIZATION THE SEEBECK EFFECT WITH TEALIGHT CANDLE HEAT SOURCE
USING 4 THERMOELECTRIC MODULES
Febrian Aliandi
Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma University
Depok – Kelapa Dua
Email: aliandi20@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Thermoelectric TEC12706 commonly used as a cooling device change the electric input into
temperature difference at each side. However, TEC12706 can still generate electricity in low temperature.
The device will generate an electricity if there have temperature difference in different side of the module, the
output of electricity occurs due to the transfer of energy from the semiconductor N type to P-type with smaller
energy, the experiment was conducted to find out the potential can generated utilize a heat of burning tea
light candle into electrical energy using 4 thermoelectric module. The type of heat sink and coefficient of
natural convection affect the temperature difference during the experiment.
Data obtained from the experiment are voltage, current, temperature, temperature difference, and
electricity power to be processed using empirical equations thus obtained as a result of processing. From the
results of the experiment, average value data of the prototype from experiments 2 candles series circuit ∆T =
10.8 oC, V = 2.7 V, I = 8.62 mA, P = 0.024 Watt, 3 candles series circuit ∆T = 10.85 oC, V = 2.98 V, I =
8.063 mA, P = 0.027 Watt. 2 candles series-parallel circuit: ∆T = 9.9 oC, V = 1.4 V, I = 22.2 mA, P = 0.03
Watt. 3 candles series-parallel circuit ∆T = 13.7 oC, V = 1.7 V, I = 29.2 mA, P = 0.052 Watt. The graph
shown is the relationship between electrical output with the time in which bigger value of the temperature
difference then the higher output generated, as long as the hot temperature through the module on the work
temperature range efficiency of the Thermoelectric module. Some of the factors that affect large output are
hot temperature, ambient temperature, the State of the wind around, the amount of heat energy received by
TC and the type of electrical circuit.
BACKGROUND
how much potential heat from a candle to generate
Nowadays Technology developed rapidly
electricity with 4 thermoelectric module. Problems
causing an increasing of energy needs, especially
emphasized in the electricity needs of the electronic
electrical energy. The main used energy source
gadgets or small electronic device. As well as
nowadays sourced on a nonrenewable energy such as
knowing how a series of thermoelectric generator
fossil fuel or natural gas. From fossil fuel or natural
generates electricity from the temperature difference
gas energy, produce an air pollution that can make a
in two different sides.
global warming and stock of that energy sources are
decreasing every year. Thermoelectric Technology is
LITERATURE REVIEW
one of an alternative energy source to answering
Basic Thermoelectric
these energy needs. That technology relatively more
Thermoelectric have two working system
environmental friendly, no moving part, the forms is
using seebeck
effect and peltier effect.
relatively small and compact, durable, can absorb the
effect make a Temperature difference become a
heat that is not needed in a system and is also able to
DC electrical energy directly. When 2 dissimilar
produce energy on a large and small scale. When
material give a heat energy in one side the the
electrical source are off, mostly use a candle to light
energy will moved to different side like Figure 1.1,
up the room so this final assignment wanted to know
the temperature different between two dissimiliar
Utilization The Seebeck Effect With Tealight Candle Heat Source Using 4 Thermoelectric Modules
seebeck
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Thesis Journal, Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma university, Depok-Kelapa dua
Student ID
20409053
material will produce a potential electricity in the
increasing the efficiency of the cooling system
junction.
TEM and increasing the output, because a better
α = ∆s⁄∆T
𝑎
heatsink will cause a bigger temperature difference
With :
on the hot side and the cold side of the
= Seebeck coefficient from material (V/oC),
thermoelectric generator system. Based on it, the
∆V
= electrical potential (V),
∆T
= temperature different (oC).
heatsink must have good heat conductivity to be
able to absorb the heat from the hot side then take
it off to the air around, lightweight, not easily
deformed then select heatsink material with
aluminum.
On the convection heat transfer Newton
cooling law is applicable, where:[12]
𝑞 = ℎ. 𝐴 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
where:
q
= heat energy (W)
h
= convection heat transfer Coefficient
(W/m2. ° C)
A
= surface area (m2)
MATERIAL SELECTION
TS
= surface temperature (°C)
TEM Selection
𝑇∞
= ambient Temperature (surrounding air)
(oC)
Figure 1.1 Illustration of seebeck effect,
thermoelectric generator.
[4]
Peltier element or Thermoelectric module
(TEM) is used as it is in the market namely TEC112706 with dimensions of 40 x 40 x 3.5 mm.
Material constituent of peltier elements
Thermal Collector
is
This tool serves as a Thermal collector of
generally from a semiconductor material bismuth
heat candle and as a conductor of heat to the peltier
telluride and the surface with a ceramic material
element and also serves as a place of TEM and part
Al203. The form of TEM look like a wafer 2
of the frame of the tool. TC requiring materials that
surfaces with ceramic material and between 2
are capable of absorb heat quickly, ability of take a
surfaces there is a bismuth telluride semiconductor
load, and TC should be able to hold the combustion
P and N.
heat flow from the candle, so the heat flow from a
candle not reach the heatsink which can causing the
Heat Exchangers
heatsink gets a heat from aother system than the
Heatsink serve as a release of heat from
heat from the surface of TEM. Because these
TEM into the air around, giving it a larger size
reasons selecting a TC profiled like the letter V
because to make the release of heat into the air
made from aluminium material.
around better. The Heatsink also helps in
Utilization The Seebeck Effect With Tealight Candle Heat Source Using 4 Thermoelectric Modules
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Thesis Journal, Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma university, Depok-Kelapa dua
Student ID
20409053
ṁ
= mass burning rate of the fuel (g/m)
Hc
= net heat of complete combustion of the
fuel (Kj/g)
∆Hceff = effective heat of combustion(Kj/g)
m
= mass of the candle (g)
Table 1.1 properties of Paraffin candle wax [14].
Figure 1.2 design concept
Tealight Candle
This candle is commonly used as a burner
of aromatherapy, as a warmer for food and drink,
as aromatherapy in scented tealight candle, as a
light for the room and many more. This candle
used as a heat source and then convert into
electricity by thermoelectric module. This type of
candle used because availability on the market with
a relatively inexpensive price, and shrinkage of
wax this kind of candle is small so not needed
significant setup the distance between candle and
TC. The candle made by a white paraffin wax
unscented. The dimensions of this candle length of
the wick 10 mm and 17 mm tall, diameter 37 mm,
weight about 14-19 grams and a burning duration
about 4 - 5 hours.
The burning candle, burn paraffin as a fuel
and produce a heat into surrounding air. Assuming
the candle fully burned, where there is no scrap of
wax while candle burned that mean a value of
candle burning efficiency is 1 calculate the heat
energy from candles with:
q = 1 x m x Hc
With :
Ǭ
= effective heat release rate (Watt)
Xa
= combustion efficiency
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
After the prototype assembled need a tools
that can measure output performance of the
prototype and need a tools that can reach small
place to measure a temperature of the TEM surface,
hot an cold side of TEM. The output measured by a
mutimeter, 1 measure a voltage output and other
one measure current electricity output of the
prototype. The electrical data is an open circuit
with measuring current electricity with a delay
about 1-10 seconds after all the hold button of
other tools pressed. Temperature measured by a
thermocouple and data logger, placed on the TEM
number 2 and 4 as represent of all the temperature
of TEM. Candles used 2 and 3 candles placed on a
bottom with a distance about 30-32 mm from TC,
Utilization The Seebeck Effect With Tealight Candle Heat Source Using 4 Thermoelectric Modules
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Thesis Journal, Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma university, Depok-Kelapa dua
Student ID
20409053
distance of 1 candle to other is about 10 – 11 mm
voltage and current captured every 1 minute. From
this to keep the a candle not given a heat energy
data can calculate temperature difference, heatsink
from other candle. Data record from 1 minute to 30
heatrate,
and
power
electricity.
minutes, the data temperature hot and cold side
Figure 1.3 the entire tools installation completed.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
Temperature Difference Analysis
Graph of temperature difference of some data that obtained from experiments results are as follows:
18
16
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Tempereature Difference(oC)
14
0
Time(Minute)
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
2 candles series
3 candles series
2 candles series parallel
3 candles series parallel
Figure 1.4 value of temperature difference (∆T) against time with different candles and circuit of TEM.
From figure 1.4, adding more candle as a
caused the wind flow through the candle. The wind
heat source can increase temperature difference
in the experiment room cannot maintain nicely.
generated, on experiment using 3 candles series
The wind can affect heat given to TC.
circuit, the heat dropped lower than other, that
maximize the heat from the candle as mentioned
Utilization The Seebeck Effect With Tealight Candle Heat Source Using 4 Thermoelectric Modules
To
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Thesis Journal, Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma university, Depok-Kelapa dua
Student ID
20409053
earlier should be applied a wind protection so that
alumina ceramic which, have a good ability to
the flame of the candle stable. From figure 1.4,
absorb heat but bad thermal conductivity, the heat
bigger thermal energy can caused a bigger
absorbed from TC bigger than heat transferred to
temperature difference to the prototype, this caused
other surface, so that caused the temperature
by an ability of material to conduct thermal energy
difference
of
two
surface
become
bigger.
to transfer heat to heatsink. TEM Surface made by
Output voltage Analysis
Graph of output voltage data that obtained from experiments results written in appendice 4 are as
follows:
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
Voltage
0.5
0
Minute
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
2 candles series
3 candles series
2 candles series - parallel
3 candles series - parallel
Figure 1.5 value of voltage against time, with different candles and circuit of TEM.
From figure 1.5 looked the series circuit
difference is same the output will decrease. The
has a bigger voltage output then series parallel
experiment of 3 candle series from minutes 10 –
because its characteristics is have a bigger voltage.
20 the circuit have a low voltage output, like
Voltage is decreased every minute of the
mentioned before the fire of the candle swinging
experiments, that caused by a work temperature
from figure 1.3 the temperature difference are
Efficiency limitation of TEM. TEM have a
lower than using 2 candles too, that causing the
limitation working temperature efficiency to
output have a lower output. However, at minute
raising the electrical output. When efficiency
20 – 30 the fire stable and the temperature
work temperature elapsed, even the temperature
difference
Utilization The Seebeck Effect With Tealight Candle Heat Source Using 4 Thermoelectric Modules
raised.
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Thesis Journal, Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma university, Depok-Kelapa dua
Student ID
20409053
Output Current Analysis
Graph of output current of some data that obtained from experiments results written in appendice 4
are as follows:
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
5
0
Current(mA)
10
Minute
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
2 candles series
3 candles series
2 candles series-parallel
3 candles series-parallel
Figure 4.5 value of current against time, with different candles and circuit of TEM.
.
From figure 4.5 looked from experiment
temperature efficiency limitation. The current
used 2 and 3 candles of series-parallel circuit
output from experiments with 3 candles series,
gotten a bigger current than series circuit. Series –
from the graph that looked the current lower than
parallel circuit are mixed characteristics of series
2 candles series experiment, that caused like
and parallel circuit so if this circuit used the
mentioned before the fire during the experiments
balance voltage and current will got. The biggest
quite unstable so causing the output unstable. The
current output occurred only at the beginning of
current Output obtained from the experiments
the
between 10 – 40 mA.
experiments
mentioned
before,
around
TEM
1-4
minute.
have
a
Like
working
Output Power Analysis
From the current and voltage data obtained from the experiment, can find how much electrical power
output generated of the prototype can calculated with the equation 2.7 as follow:
Pgen = I2 Rload = I x V
Where:
I
= output current (A)
V
= voltage/output voltage (V)
Pgen
= power generated (Watt)
Utilization The Seebeck Effect With Tealight Candle Heat Source Using 4 Thermoelectric Modules
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Thesis Journal, Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma university, Depok-Kelapa dua
Student ID
20409053
After calculated the power output, graph of output power of some data that obtained from
experiments results written in are as follows:
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
Power (Watt)
0.02
0
Minute
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
2 candles series
3 candles series
2 candles series - parallel
3 candles series parallel
Figure 1.7 value of power against time, with different candles and circuit of TEM.
Figure 1.7 is the result of the calculation
experiment using 2 candles and the put can rapidly
between voltage multiplied by a current output, and
raised too. From figure 1.7, experiment series
the result is an open circuit power without any load
parallel circuit have a biggest power than other at
on a circuit. From figure 1.7 using 3 candles mean
the end, that because series – parallel circuit have a
produce much more heat energy given to the TC,
2 characteristic mixed, big voltage from series
so TC temperature can rapidly raised than
circuit and big current from parallel circuit
.
Calculation and Analysis of Heat Transfer On the Heatsink
The measurement of the heatsink done 2 times, the data obtained from experiment on the heatsink
divided by 2 so got the mean temperature data. The change of heatsink temperature draws on the graph as
follow:
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
Temperature OC
40.0
20.0
0.0
Minute
0 2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
3 candles
2 candles
Figure 4.7 heat sink temperatures against time during the experiment.
Utilization The Seebeck Effect With Tealight Candle Heat Source Using 4 Thermoelectric Modules
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Thesis Journal, Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma university, Depok-Kelapa dua
Student ID
20409053
The values obtained from the calculation of heatsink heat rate during the experiment written in
appendice 5 are as follows:
Heat rate (Watt)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2
Minute
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
3 candles
2 candles
Figure 4.8 heat sink heat rate during the experiment.
From figure 4.8 showed more burning candle can
candles series-parallel circuit: ∆T = 9.9 oC, V = 1.4
affect more heat rate of the heatsink. Experiment
V, I = 22.2 mA, P = 0.03 Watt. 3 candles series-
using 3 candle the heat rate more higher than using
parallel circuit ∆T = 13.7 oC, V = 1.7 V, I = 29.2
2 candles, this is due to the addition of the candles
mA, P = 0.052 Watt.
will got bigger value of heat produced because the
theory of Q absorb = Q waste. The assumption in
this calculation is the fluid air as ideal gas, Th
REFFERENCES
1. Statistik Listrik 2012 .Accessed in 12
constant and natural convection.
november
2012.
From
ESDM
website,
www.esdm.go.id.
2. Terry Hendricks William T. Choate, 2006,
5.1 Conclusions
From
the
results
of
experiments
and
Engineering Scoping Study of Thermoelectric
calculations concluded several things Bigger
Generator Systems for Industrial Waste Heat
temperature difference is given to the TEM, then it
Recovery.
will be bigger the voltage and current are generated
and increased the power generated. addition of heat
source can make bigger temperature difference
then generate bigger voltage, current and power
3.
G. Jeffrey
Snyder, Tristan
S.
Ursell,
Thermoelectric Efficiency and Compatibility.
4. www.lairdtech.com
,
Thermoelectric
Handbook.
output. Series circuit of TEM have bigger voltage
5. putra nandy,artono koestoer raldi, potensi daya
output. Usea candle as a heat source is applicable
termoelektrik untuk kendaraan hybrid, 2009.
with any weakness like a wind flow. Average value
6. Seebeck Effect . Accessed in 13 oktober 2012,
data of the prototype from experiments 2 candles
series circuit ∆T = 10.8 oC, V = 2.7 V, I = 8.62 mA,
from Wikipedia website. www.wikipedia.org
7. Thermoelectric Effect. Accessed in 13 october
P = 0.024 Watt, 3 candles series circuit ∆T = 10.85
2012,
o
www.wikipedia.org .
C, V = 2.98 V, I = 8.063 mA, P = 0.027 Watt. 2
from
Utilization The Seebeck Effect With Tealight Candle Heat Source Using 4 Thermoelectric Modules
Wikipedia
website.
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Thesis Journal, Mechanical engineering department, Gunadarma university, Depok-Kelapa dua
Student ID
20409053
8. Thermoelectric 1-12706 propierties, HB corp.
12. Cengel, Yunus.A., Heat And Mass Transfer:
9. Thermoelectric Technical Refference-Power
A Practical Approach Third Edition (Si Unit),
Generation. Diakses 20 oktober 2012, dari
ferrotec. www.ferrotec.com
McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, 2006.
13. Hamins Anthony and Matthew Bundy,
10. Power Generation. Diakses 20 oktober 2012,
dari Powerchips. www.powerchips.com.
Characterization
of
Candle
Flames.
journal ,National Institute of Standards and
11. Mastbergen Dan, Willson Bryan, Generating
Light from Stoves using a Thermoelectric
Technology Gaithersburg USA.
14. Piotr Dziurdzia , Modeling and Simulation
Generator, journal, Engines and Energy
of
Conversion
of
Processes, journal, AGH University of
Colorado State
Science and Technology in Cracow, Poland.
Laboratory
Mechanical Engineering
Department
Thermoelectric
Energy
Harvesting
University.
Utilization The Seebeck Effect With Tealight Candle Heat Source Using 4 Thermoelectric Modules
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