Pakistan
Pakistan’s Creation
• Originally part of British India. The British initially widened the
divide between the Muslims & Hindu’s in a strategy to
maintain control.
• There were ethnic, political & religious disputes between the
Muslims & Hindus in British India.
• Pakistan was formed in 1947 out of partition from British
controlled India.
• During the split from India, there was a mass migration of
over 15 Million.
• The Muslims were going to Pakistan as the Hindus were
leaving for India.
• The creation of Pakistan was tumultuous, resulting in chaos,
riots, deaths & crimes against humanity.
• This deepened the rift between Muslims and Hindus.
Partition
 The Punjab and
Bengal, with mixed
populations, had to
be divided.
 Millions of people
were stranded on
the wrong side of
the boundary.
Partition
 10 to 15 million flee Pakistan.
 Violent clashes occurred and horrendous
slaughter took place.
 In the Punjab about ¼ million people
were killed.
 About 1 million die in Bengal.
 Gandhi is able to stop the violence by
going a hunger strike.
1
Religious Conflict
The deepening conflict between Hindus and Muslims, made worse
by economic differences, led to the partition, or division, of the
subcontinent into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.
Violent Partition
• Independence came to India
and Pakistan in 1947.
• 12 million people moved to
avoid the rule of a majority
religion to which they did not
belong.
• Many refugees died from
hunger and thirst, and an
estimated one million people
were killed in fighting between
Muslims and Hindus.
• Since independence, India and
Pakistan have fought three
wars.
Bangladesh
• Islam was the only thread that
connected East and West Pakistan.
• East Pakistan had a less developed
economy and paid more taxes than
West Pakistan, where most tax
dollars were spent.
• After a devastating cyclone in 1970,
grievances led to fighting, and India
joined the conflict on the side of the
East Pakistanis.
• As a result, in 1971, East Pakistan
became the independent country of
Bangladesh.
Partition:
• Partition left both India & Pakistan devastated socially &
economically.
• Some of the atrocities committed between the Muslims &
Hindus were widespread rape, pillaging & murder,
bordering on genocide.
• This included the bombing of trains of immigrants by
Hindus and even filling trains full of the dismembered
bodies & sending them across the border into Pakistan.
Civil War
• Pakistan begins as two separate and
divided states
• East Pakistan is more populous; West
Pakistan houses government
• East Pakistan declares independence
from West Pakistan in 1971
• Civil war erupts; East Pakistan wins,
becomes new nation of Bangladesh
The Early Years
• After Partition there was Pakistan & East
Pakistan on the other side of India.
• East Pakistan rebelled and split from Pakistan in
the 1971 India/Pakistan war to become
Bangladesh.
• Pakistan itself is divided into four main areas:
Baluchistan, North-West Frontier Province
(NWFP), Punjab, & Sindh.
• Another province, Kashmir, is still under dispute
with India & has been the cause of war between
the countries in 1947, 1965, 1971 & 1999.
Politics
• Pakistan goes back and forth from
being a democracy and being ruled by
a military dictator after a coup.
• Pakistani politics have a tradition of
being underhanded, violent, and
volatile.
POLITICAL HISTORY
• PAKISTAN
ALTERNATED
BETWEEN
ELECTED
DEMOCRACY AND
MILITARY
DICTATORSHIP
• Shown at left:
Zulfikar and Benazir
Bhutto
Pakistan Politics
Jinnah (1947)>>
<<Zulfikar Bhutto
(1973-77)
Benazir Bhutto>>
(1988-90, 93-96)
Sharif (1990-93, 97-99)
Zardari (now)
<< Musharraf
(1999-2008)
History of Pakistan’s Political Leaders
• 1948: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father of Pakistan,
dies
• 1951: Jinnah’s successor, Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated.
• 1956: Constitution proclaims Pakistan as Islamic Republic.
• 1958: General Ayyub Khan becomes president.
• 1969: General Yahya Khan takes over in a coup.
• 1973: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Benazir’s father) becomes PM.
• 1979: General Zia ul-Haq overthrows and hangs Bhutto in a
military coup & becomes president. Daughter Benazir goes
into exile, returns in 1986.
• 1988: Gen. Zia dies in mysterious plane crash. Bhutto’s
Pakistan’s Peoples Party wins election & she becomes PM.
• 1990: Benazir Bhutto is dismissed as PM on charges of
incompetence & corruption.
History of Pakistan’s Leaders Continued
• 1991: PM Nawaz Sharif begins economic liberalization.
• 1993: PM Sharif resigns under pressure from military. General election
brings Bhutto back to power.
• 1996: President Leghari dismisses Bhutto’s government amid corruption
allegations.
• 1996: Nawaz Sharif returns as PM after his Pakistan Muslim League
wins elections.
• 1999: Bhutto and her husband are convicted of corruption and
sentenced. Benazir flees to exile. Later that year Sharif is overthrown by
General Pervez Musharraf in a military coup.
• 2002: Musharraf grants himself new powers including the right to dismiss
parliament.
• 2007: Bhutto’s and Sharif’s parties protest Musharraf. Musharraf takes
over media and communication networks.
• 2008: Musharraf forced to step down in face of impeachment
• 2011: Musharraf indicted for assassination of Benazir Bhutto
A Pattern of Instability



Many different
governments rule
Pakistan, non achieve
stability
Benazir Bhutto leads
Pakistan in 1980s and
1990s but is ousted.
The military now rules.
Bhutto is assassinated
in 2007.
U.S. President George W. Bush
condemned the assassination in a
27 December press conference.
Pakistan
 Led briefly by
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
 Prime Minister Ayub
Khan.
 Dangerous combination
 Was not prepared
to rule in 1948.
 Strong Islamic
fundamentalism.
 Impoverished.
 Pakistan divides in 1972
 W. Pakistan = Pakistan
 E. Pakistan = Bangladesh
Benazir Bhutto
 First Woman Prime
Minister, 1988
 Ousted in 1990, 1993 on
corruption charges.
 Nawaz Sharif
 Ousted three times.
 Struggle between
modernizers and
fundamentalists.
Gen. Pervex Musharaff
 Coup d’etat.
 Secular government against Islamic
fundamentalists.
 U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”
The Musharraf Era
• Musharraf came to power in a 1999 military coup, self
appointed as president in 2001.
• Enjoyed western support due to his announced
intentions in 2002 to combat extremists in Pakistan.
• Legitimacy of his rule is dubious - In 2007 he suspended
the constitution and jailed several supreme court
members before they were about to evaluate the validity
of his election.
• During Musharraf’s time Pakistan enjoyed impressive
economic performance.
• Musharraf’s approval rating plummeted to 15%.
Pakistan, The U.S. and the War on Terror
• US supported Pakistan and Musharraf ever since
he pledged to be an ally to the US in the war on
terror.
• US placed its faith in Musharraf by appropriating
over $10B in foreign aid since 9/11.
• Stark contrast to the sanctions US had against
Pakistan before Musharraf pledged his support.
• Question now is whether or not the US should
have continued to support Musharraf since he
became widely unpopular and Illegitimate.
Should the US have continued to
support Musharraf? And today Zardari?
• YES: The US was familiar with him, he
offered continuity. A different leader could
have been worse politically. He is more
moderate than Sharif and the PPP.
• NO: The aid given him did very little. He was
undemocratic and vastly unpopular. By
continuing to support him the US lost the
credit it has gained in the Middle East by
supporting an Islamic nation.
ASSASSINATION OF
BENAZIR BHUTTO
• Prior to
parliamentary
elections this year,
opposition leaders
were allowed back
into the country
• Benazir Bhutto
returned, was
assassinated
Benazir Bhutto's Timeline
Bhutto’s Assassination 2007
THE END OF MUSHARAF?
• Musharaf dismissed
the Supreme Court
after he stepped
down as head of the
army
• Lawyers protested
NEW PRIME MINISTER SWORN
IN – TRANSITION BACK TO
DEMOCRACY?
• Has freed
imprisoned judges
• Army remains
strongest institution
in country
• Rebellion in
Baluchistan
province
• Problems of poverty
and lack of
development
President
Prime Minister
Syed Yusuf Raza
Asif Ali Zardari
Gilani
Current
Situation
•
•
•
•
•
Mumbai killings
Bhutto/Zardari
Musharraf gone
Judge
Swat Valley and FATA
– Allowed to govern themselves –
Sharia law
• Predator strikes into these areas
Government
•
•
•
•
President: Asif Ali Zardari
Serves as the Chief of State
Co-Chair of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)
Widower of Benazir Bhutto (former Prime
Minister; assassinated on 27 DEC 2007)
• Sworn in on 9 SEP 08 following the
resignation of President Pervez Musharaf on
18 AUG 08. Elections were held on 6 SEP in
which Zardari won a clear majority.
• Zadaris election solidified the country's return
to civilian government after more than eight
years of military rule.
• Presidential elections are for 5 year terms
Government
• Prime Minister: Yousaf Raza Gillani (PPP)
• Assumed office 25 March 2008
• Serves as the Head of the Government
• The Prime Minister is selected by the National
Assembly.
• Cabinet positions are appointed by the
President on the advice of the Prime Minister
Locus of power
President
Undemocratic constitutions (especially since
Zia), with unprecedented concentration of
powers in the President
Military
Weakness of the political system; Perceived
threat of external aggression
Bureaucracy
History & state formation;
Elitism of the Muslim League;
Concentration of power in the head;
Cultural bias against politicians;
Religion
Perhaps the most complex locus of power
The US
The US’s own interests
- oil
- anti-communism
Government
• 3 Federal Branches
– Executive
• President
• Prime Minister
• National Security Council
– Legislative
• Federal Govt Ministries
– Federal Ministers
• Parliament
– Senate
– National Assembly
» Leader of the Opposition
– Judicial
• Attorney General
• Attorney Chief
Constitution
3 constitutions since independence (1956,
1962, 1973) each reiterating the
importance of Islam
The last iteration (1973) of the constitution
came after the cessation of East Pakistan
(now Bangladesh) in 1971
Government
• Constitution: 12 April 1973;
– suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985;
– suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002;
– amended 31 December 2003;
– suspended 3 November 2007,restored on 15 December 2007
• Independence: 14 August 1947 (from British India)
• National holiday: Republic Day, 23 March (1956)
• Suffrage: 18 years of age- universal; joint electorates and reserved
parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
• Member of the United Nations and World Trade Organization.
• Is a Nuclear State, but not part of the Nuclear Nonproliferation
Treaty.
• Unemployment rate- 7.4%
• 24% of population below poverty line
Role of Religion in the State
 The various degrees of state
secularity/religiousity of different governments
demonstrates the difficulties, at the state level, to
articulate the role of Islam in the state
 Zia-ul-Haq’s government (1973-1988) came
closest to implementing Shariah law through its
‘Islamization programs’, but no federal
government has fully implemented Shariah Law
 Shariah Law has existed, however, in certain
territories
Women in Pakistan
 Zia-ul-Haq’s ‘Islamization’ policies had
detrimental effects for women especially
through a set of law called the Hudood
Ordinances
 A vocal and vociferous women’s
movement emerged during Zia’s rule
 Women’s movement in Pakistan
struggling to articulate a balance between
Islam and secularism
Political Economy of Defence
 Ayesha Jalal (1995) has argued that Pakistan’s
overdeveloped military has had determinative
effects on Pakistan’s political economy
 She argues that there is a key difference
between the political economies of India and
Pakistan:
India has a ‘political economy of development’
Pakistan has a ‘political economy of defence’
Political Economy of Defence
First decade after independence, Pakistani
military and civil administration took up 3/4
of the federal budget
Military governments
 Ayub Khan (1958)
 Zia-ul Haq (1977)
 Pervez Musharraf (1999)
Political Economy of Defence
 Class aspect of military is tied to the extent to
which the military has been able to infiltrate key
economic structures/entities
 Military presence can be felt in: housing
developments, agriculture, transportation,
oil/gas, defence production, hospitals, schools
 Greater upward mobility for military personnel
and their families because of access to better
social services (schools, hospitals)
Political Economy of Defence
 “Dominance of non-elected institutions in
Pakistan…points to a disjunction between state
power and class power”
 Support of landowning families alongside failure
to bring about effective land reforms
 Mutually constitutive relationship between
dominant social classes and military i.e.
members of military entering dominant social
classes, and dominant social classes being
protected by military
Opposition to military
 The military has been met with opposition
from other political parties
But many of the same parties have often
worked in tandem with the military to
secure their power
 The times where political parties have
emerged in opposition to the military is
connected to the degree of economic
marginalization in the country
Opposition to military
 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan People’s Party)
took power in 1971 in the context of unrest in
rural areas, including rural Punjab
 “Roti, kapra, aur makaan” - bread, clothes, and
shelter
 (1971-1977) Glimmer of democracy
 Bhutto legacy (dynasty) is very strong but is
also often romanticized (ex. treatment mohajirs)
 Post-Zia - “constitutional coups”
Suffering Economy
 Economy suffered from decades of
internal political disputes
 a fast growing population
 mixed levels of foreign investment
 a costly, ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India
Rapid population growth, ethnic conflicts, and
environmental threats are major challenges to the region
today.
Major Challenges for Pakistan
•
Lack of government stability
•
Rapid population growth
•
Troubled relationship with India, especially over the territory of Kashmir
•
Terrorists within Pakistan’s borders
Major problems & Issues
in Pakistan today
 Economic development.
 Political instability/military
dictatorship.
 Hindu-Muslim tensions.
 Gender issues  honor killings.
 Terrorism.
 The Kashmir dispute and nuclear
weapons.
Conflict Over Kashmir
Freedom Brings Turmoil
A railway station in Punjab during large-scale
migration that followed partition of India along
religious lines.
Partition and Bloodshed



British adopt a policy
of partition—splitting
Indian into two
countries
India would be largely
Hindu nation; Pakistan
mostly Muslim
Great Britain grants
independence to both
in 1947
Kashmir, Nehru, the
British
Muslim ruler of Kashmir agrees to
sign on with India, and Nehru
makes exception to the rule of
partition:
“in cases of majority population
land goes to Pakistan in border
regions”......
Kashmir
53


Kashmir, a region
occupied by Pakistan
and India, lies south
of the Wakhan
Corridor of
Afghanistan.
This disputed territory
is the scene of
sporadic fighting
between the armies of
Pakistan and India.
China also occupies a
part of Kashmir.
• 3 Wars Between Pakistan and India
in 50 years, 2 over Kashmir
•Most militarized space in the world
•80,000 dead over this conflict
•A regional problem gone global
The problem of Kashmir





Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority
territory
India accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy
war by arming militants
Jammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu
Kashmiris never voted; extremists/separatists
were born
Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its ally?
History of the Conflict


The territory of
Kashmir
The territory was
handed over to India
after they gained
independence from the
British in 1947.
The Problem



The Kashmir area was
predominantly Muslim.
The ruler of Kashmir fled to
India and agreed to place
Kashmir under Indian rule if
India would protect Kashmir
from invasion.
If there had been a vote in
Kashmir, the majority
probably would have voted
to become part of Pakistan
for religious reasons.
Religious Groups in India-Controlled Kashmir
REGION
Buddhist
Hindu
Muslim
Other
Kashmir
Valley
-
4%
95%
-
Jammu
-
66%
30%
4%
Ladakh
50%
-
46%
3%
Religious Groups in Pakistan-Controlled Kashmir
REGION
Buddhist
Hindu
Muslim
Other
Northern
Areas
-
-
99%
-
Azad
Jammu and
Kashmir
-
99%
-
Source: BBC World News, Pakistani and Indian Census Data
The Importance of Kashmir to India and
Pakistan
• The geography is
mostly rural, with
large mountains,
deserts, and valleys.
• The region could
have natural
resources such as oil,
gold, or silver that has
not yet been
discovered.
Control of the Indus River
• The Indus begins in
Kashmir, flows through
Pakistan, then flows into
mainland India.
• Since Kashmir is part of
India, they could dam the
Indus and change the
flow of the river.
• Without fertile land to
grow crops, Pakistan
would become a desert
and its people would
starve.
Religious Sites
• Both Pakistan and
India have sites in
Kashmir that are
important to their
respective religions.
– Pakistan is
predominately Muslim.
Kashmir is
predominately Muslim.
– India is predominately
Hindu.
Strategic Location
• India-Kashmir acts as
a buffer.
• Pakistan-Kashmir
offers a fertile
roadway into India for
possible invasion.
Partition and Bloodshed


Millions leave their homes to resettle in Hindu and
Muslim lands
Hindu-Muslim violence erupts during this movement;
one million die
Some basics…
 Independence on August 14, 1947
 East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West
Pakistan
 4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, NWFP
 3 territories: Azad Kashmir, Federally
Administered Tribal Areas, and Gilgit-Baltistan
 National language is Urdu - but most people
speak Punjabi (60-70%)
1947: Pakistan
invaded
Kashmir
... Pakistan objects, Indian sends in new army to Kashmir, and war breaks out in 1947-8,
ending in the “LINE OF CONTROL” still extant today...
Partition and Bloodshed

Indian independence
movement leader
Mohandas Gandhi is
assassinated by a radical
Hindu Nathuram Godse,
January 30, 1948.



Assassin opposed Gandhi’s
support of Muslim rights
Supporters of Gandhi
opposed his death
sentence because they say
it was against was
Gandhi’s principles.
He was hanged November
15, 1949.
Group photo of the
alleged conspirators.
Pakistan
Tensions with India, Kashmir situation etc.,
also created insecurity
This led in turn to a strengthening of the
military
Resource scarcity
Assassination of first PM Liaqaut Ali Khan
By 1951, the US saw this as an opportunity
to extend Cold War politics
70
1965:
Second war
over Kashmir
1965 War
Conflict’s Context:
US [Pakistan] vs. USSR [India] Global Cold War
War

Three major wars between
India and Pakistan have
been fought over the
Kashmir territory




1947-1948
1965
1971
A fourth war almost took
place when Pakistan
invaded and attempted to
capture Kargil.
The Battle for Kashmir



India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir, a region in
northern India
Cease-fire in 1949, but disputes over the region
continues.
In total, India and Pakistan have fought four wars
 Indo-Pakistan
War of 1947
 Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
 Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
 Indo-Pakistan War of 1999 (minor war)
1971 India-Pakistan War
1999 Kargil Skirmish
Context:
Both nations
nuclear powers
Kargil conflict (1999)
• In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and a few
days later, Pakistan responded by more nuclear
tests giving both countries nuclear deterrence
capability.
• Diplomatic tensions eased after the Lahore
Summit was held in 1999.
• The sense of optimism was short-lived, however,
since in mid-1999 Pakistani paramilitary forces
and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but
strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil district
of India.
• Soldiers of the Sikh Light Infantry
• Soldiers of the Assam Regiment
Kashmir Crisis
Indian Soldiers Patrol the India-Pakistan
Border in Pura, the Winter Capital of
the State of Jammu & Kashmir - 1998
Nine killed in violence in India's Kashmir
March 21, 2001
JAMMU, India -- Nine people have been killed in
a series of military skirmishes in India's troubled
northern state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Indian Soldiers Near the
Pakistani Border - 2001
A Pakistani Ranger at the IndianPakistani Joint Border Check Post
in Wagha, India - 2001
Anti-war Protestors in Karachi,
Pakistan - 2001
Kashmiri Militants - 2003
Mumbai Bombings, Nov 26, 2008
163 people die from terrorist bombings
A Kashmir Connection?
Lashkar,
Regional History
and Islamist
Militarism
Taj Mahal Hotel
Photo: Punit Paranjpe/Reuters
Kashmir Today
Insurgency and Terrorism, State and Proxies
Hindu Kashmiri Panditas terrorized, flight into
refugee camps in Jammu
Still:
Kashmiris not allowed to decide their own fate
Kashmir now
located in the
“War against
terror”
India-Pakistan Border Disputes
War & Terrorism
• Both India and Pakistan are convinced that
they are right and that they will prevail
• In the past 60 years, Pakistan and India have
fought three wars over ownership of Kashmir.
India won all three.
• Today, the fight continues with acts of
terrorism.
• The people of Kashmir are probably
wondering why the UN and U.S. won't help
them
•
Why doesn't the U.S. lend a
helping hand with the Kashmir
conflict?
The U.S. wants to be
allies with both
Pakistan and India.
• Pakistan shares a
border with
Afghanistan so need
Pakistan’s help with
war on terrorism.
• We do a great deal of
trade with India that is
mutually
advantageous.
Stalemate Continues....
Nuclear Rivalry Between
Pakistan and India
INDIAN PARADOX –
POVERTY AND POWER
What title would you give this
political cartoon?
Nuclear Power: India-Pakistan
Indian Nuclear Power
Plants
Pakistani Nuclear Power
Plants
India Weapon of Mass Destruction
• India does possess nuclear weapons and
maintains short- and intermediate-range
ballistic missiles, nuclear-capable aircraft,
surface ships, and submarines under
development as possible delivery systems
and platforms.
• Although it lacks an operational ballistic
missile submarines India has ambitions of
possessing a nuclear triad in the near
future.
India Weapon of Mass Destruction
• India tested a nuclear device in 1974
(code-named "Smiling Buddha"), which it
called a "peaceful nuclear explosive."
• India performed further nuclear tests in
1998 (code-named "Operation Shakti").
India’s Prithvi Missiles First
Tested in 1988
Supporters of former Indian Prime
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee chant
nationalist slogans in support for his
nuclear policy - 1998
The India-Pakistan Arms Race
Heats Up in the Late 1990s
THE “ISLAMIC
BOMB”
• PAKISTAN EXPLODED
ITS FIRST NUCLEAR
DEVICE IN DESERT IN
1998.
• DR. A.Q. KHAN
RESPONSIBLE FOR
ITS SECRET
DEVELOPMENT, AND
SHARED
TECHNOLOGY WITH
“ROGUE STATES” LIKE
LIBYA, NORTH KOREA,
MAYBE OTHERS
1998: India tested
their first nuclear
weapon. Pakistan
followed with
nuclear tests.
Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari
Vajpayee, displays a sword given to him
by Sikh youths in New Delhi to honor him
for making India a nuclear power - 1998
Right-wing Pakistani Activists
Burn Indian Flag to Protest
Indian Nuclear Tests - 1998
Hot Air Balloon Protesting India &
Pakistan’s nuclear testing - 1998
2002 Military Statistics
India Displays Nuclear Missiles
During “Republic Day,” - 2002
India Successfully Tested
Agni Missiles - 2002
2002 Nuclear
Statistics
Musharraf and Vajpayee at a
meeting on nuclear issues in Nepal
in 2002
Is this a possibility?
India's Prime
Minister
ManMohan
Singh
Pakistan's
President
Pervez Musharraf
New Friends?
Musharraf and India's new Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh speak
by telephone frequently affirming
a strong desire for peace and
resolution of their disputes,
including Kashmir, on which the
two countries have fought two of
their three wars.
Partners in the “War on
Terror?”
US Sells F-16 Jets to
Pakistan—India Not Pleased!
(3/25/05)
ManMohan Singh of
India with President
Bush (9/04)
Threat of Taliban to Pakistan
Taliban Connections Rooted in
Pakistan
• The Taliban emerged as a powerful
movement in late 1994 when Pakistan
chose the Taliban to guard a convoy trying
to open a trade route from Pakistan to
Central Asia.
• With Pakistan providing weapons, military
training, and financial support, the Taliban
gained control over several Afghan cities
and successfully captured Kabul in
September 1996
Taliban Connections to Pakistan
• Pakistani support for the Taliban is based on strong religious
and ethnic bonds between the Taliban and Pakistan,
especially with the tribal areas on the North-West borders of
Pakistan.
• Most of the Taliban’s leaders were educated in refugee
camps in Pakistan where they had escaped the Soviet
invasion.
• Taliban militants are Sunni Muslim Pashtuns, and Pashtuns
constitute thirteen percent of the total population of Pakistan.
• Pashtuns dominate the Pakistani military and are concentrated
in the North-West Frontier province, which was the command
center for the Mujahedeen groups fighting the Soviet troops
and a major destination for the Afghan refugees
Taliban Connections to Pakistan
• Pakistani Taliban members have been
involved:
• In insurgent activity and terrorist attacks
inside Afghanistan
• Trained the Times Square bomber Faisal
Shehzad
• Participated in numerous suicide bombings
and urban guerrilla attacks inside Pakistan
including the siege at the Pakistan Naval
Base Mehran in Karachi
Pakistani Taliban Alliance with
Al-Qaeda
• Dates back to the Soviet-Afghan War
• Taliban has provided shelter to Al-Qaeda
leaders
• Has been operationally active with the
terrorist group
• Vowed to avenge the killing of Osama Bin
Laden
• Vows to continue the war with the USA
Since September 11, 2001
• Five days after September 11, 2001, Pakistan's president, General Pervez
Musharraf, pledged support for the U.S. efforts to capture Bin Laden and
fight militant groups and all the Taliban members associated with Al Qaeda,
a pledge that was followed by immediate demonstrations and protests by the
pro-Taliban groups in Pakistan, where Taliban’s leaders were educated and
where they fled the U.S. bombing of Afghanistan.
• Despite the pledge to fight Taliban and Al Qaeda, having such religious,
ethnic, and political ties with Taliban, and being uncertain about an
immediate severing of the momentum in the multifaceted and historical ties
with the Taliban have pushed the Pakistani military and Musharraf's regime
to avoid provocation of the Taliban fighters.
• Thus, the Taliban leaders, who survived the U.S. bombing of Afghanistan
and the combat against the NATO troops in 2001, went back to Pakistan,
precisely to the tribal areas where their Pashtun brothers reside, and namely
to the North- West borders of Pakistan .
Taliban Moves to Pakistan
• In October 2001, thousands of Pakistani
Pakthun tribesmen were mobilized for
armed action and crossed the Durand Line
into Afghanistan to resist both the
American and NATO forces.
• For example, Sufi Mohammed, a Pakhtun
cleric and leader of the Movement for the
Enforcement of Islamic Law infiltrated
Afghanistan with about 10,000 boys and
young men.
Taliban Moves to Pakistan
• The arrival in tribal areas of the Afghan’s
Taliban and Al-Qaeda’s senior leadership
along with hundreds of Afghan, Arab,
Chechen, Uzbek, East Asian, and
Sudanese fighters in Pakistan distributed
millions of dollars among the tribal elders
for shelter
• Al-Qaeda as been leasing compounds
from the tribesmen to establish training
camps and command and control centers.
Taliban Moves to Pakistan
• In 2002, when the Pakistani Army invaded
the tribal areas, it transformed the existing
widespread militancy into a full-blown
insurgency.
• This has since spread throughout Pakistan
Taliban Moves to Pakistan
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Recognizing NATO strength and losing a large number of its fighters and more
importantly its strategic base of command in southern Afghanistan, Taliban
moved to Pakistan, specifically to Waziristan, where they were welcomed by
their Pashtun brothers .
In 2003, the Pakistani government had intervened to contain and counter the
Taliban’s expansion and influence and deployed a total of 80,000 troops in
South and North Waziristan.
After several confrontations with the Taliban militants and the loss of eight
hundred Pakistani soldiers in combat, the Pakistani government and President
Pervez Mushrraf realized that military confrontation of Taliban could further
destabilize the country.
Accordingly, in September 2006, Musharraf signed a peace agreement with
seven militant groups in Waziristan, who call themselves Pakistan Taliban or
Tehrik-i-Taliban.
Under the terms of the agreement, Pakistan's army agreed to withdraw from
the areas controlled by the Taliban in Waziristan, and the Taliban promised to
stop launching attacks against NATO and Afghan troops in Afghanistan and
against Pakistani army and government.
The war spills over into Pakistan
• Pakistani military intelligence manipulation of the
Afghanistan war - from the 1980s onward
• Taliban and Haqqani Network across the
Pakistani border provinces
• Cross-border illicit trade
• US operations in Pakistan
– CIA and Special Forces assassination teams
– CIA drone bombings
– The assassination of Osama Bin Laden
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Refugees
• Afghans constitute the largest single refugee
population in the world with an estimated 6 million
people or 30 percent of the global refugee
population.
• The population has been greatly affected by a
refugee problem for years.
• Large numbers of Afghans are refugees in Pakistan.
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Refugees
• Pakistan has received the most
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Pakistani Taliban Numbers
• There are about 40 militant groups with a
combined membership between 30,000
and 35,000.
• They are decentralized and do not always
agree.
• They use social networks to recruit, raise
funds, and to harass people.
Terrorism in Pakistan
• Tehreek-e-Taliban (TTP- Students Movement of Pakistan)
– Main Taliban militant umbrella group in Pakistan
– Began its formation in 2002 in FATA; DEC 2007 officially formed under
Baitullah Meshud.
– Currently under the leadership of Hakimullah Meshud (no relation);
– ISI claims he's a possible ‘look alike’ brother since the real Hakimullah
was killed AUG 8th.
• Brigade 313
– Loose group of terrorist organizations to include LeT, Jaish-eMohammad, Taliban and Al Qaeda.
• Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI- Army of Islam) / Jaish-e-Islami
– Founded in 2004, currently headed by Mangal Bagh.
– Operating out of the FATA; consists of Pakistani Taliban
Terrorism in Pakistan
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Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT- Army of the Good)
– Active in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan.
– AUG 09 issued an Islamic dress code ultimatum to all colleges in
Jammu and Kashmir region of Pakistan.
– Supported Al-Qaeda efforts in Afghanistan
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Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)
– Formed in 1990s as a sectarian group targeting Shia Muslims.
– Key ally of Al-Qaeda and Pakistani Taliban
– Possible offshoot of SSP
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Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP- Army of the Friends of the Prophet)
– Former registered political party in Pakistan
– Focused attacks on Shiites
– Credited with the AUG 2009 Gojra riots against Pakistani Christians
Why Pakistani Men Join the
Taliban
• Recruit young men by offering them
access to and membership in social
networks, money, power, and respect
• Many are young unemployed men who
have had no access to education or jobs
• Brainwash the men during the interactions
• For example, many of the suicide bombers
are poor, uneducated students in their
early teens
Why Pakistani Men Join the
Taliban
• Existing poverty from an ongoing lack of
infrastructure
• The government’s inability to provide education
and fair legal system aid recruitment efforts
• Most join because they are poor and feel that
the government does not care about them.
• For example, in 2009, the average salary of a
low-level Taliban member was $180 a month,
while in other areas it was as high as $240 a
month
Why Pakistan Men Join the
Taliban
• The government’s inability to provide
better shelter and services to the refugees
in the camps have aided recruitment.
• Young men frustrated by the preventable
deaths of family members due to
pneumonia and diarrhea join the Taliban
• The Taliban provides swift and free justice
in hostile areas
Why Pakistani Men Join the
Taliban
• They sometimes use abduction and other
coercive tactics to recruit fighters and quell
dissent.
• In early 2007, they began forcing school
children to sign up for suicide bombing
missions by kidnapping 30 children
Why Pakistani Men Join the
Taliban
• The Pakistani Army when fighting against
the insurgents have killed many civilians
and this has led to the people joining the
Taliban for revenge
• For example, in 2009, 1,150 civilians were
killed during Pakistan Army actions
• The Pakistani Army also alienates locals
by arbitrary arrests, illegal detentions,
unlawful killings, deliberate property
damage, executing people without trials
BBC, 2009
Examples of Terrorist Attacks in
Pakistan in 2009
• 30 AUG: Suicide bomber killed 18 Pakistan police officers and seriously
wounded another 12 in the NWFP.
• 1 SEP: Swat Valley- Pakistan military operations killed 43 militants including
2 important commanders. 105 militants surrendered, to include 5 additional
commanders.
• 1 SEP: Increasing number of Blackwater personnel reported in Peshawar
and other NWFP/FATA areas. US and Pakistani officials deny the reports.
• 2 SEP: Pakistan Religious Affairs Minister, Hamid Kazmi, was shot in the leg
in a failed assassination attempt. His driver was killed in the attack.
• 5 SEP: Over 50 militants were killed by security forces in NWFP; 37 were
killed as part of an operation targeting Lashkar-e-Islam. Another 14 were
killed in Pakistani airstrikes.
• 8 SEP: Gunmen in NW Pakistan killed 4 Shia students in a sectarian attack.
• 11 SEP: TTP (Tehreek-e-Taliban) Spokesman, Muslim Khan, and 4 other
council members were arrested in the Swat Valley. Reported Fazlullah
(TTP-Swat Leader) lost his legs in a recent attack.
• 30 drone attacks in 2009 so far; killing an estimated total of 460 people
• Last month:
– 5 AUG: strike in S. Waziristan killing Baitullah Mehsud and his wife.
– 11 AUG: strike in Ladda village, S.Waziristan killed 10 militants.
– 21 AUG: strike on village of Darpa Kheil, N.Wz, reportedly targeting
Sirajuddin Haqqani (Pashtun warlord), killing at least 21 people.
– 27 AUG: strike on the Tapar Ghai area (S.Wz) killing at least 6.
– 8 SEP: drone strike kills 13 in N.Wz. May have killed Al Qaeda leaders
Ilyas Kashmiri and Mustafa al Jaziri as well as 3 Punjabi militants and 2
or 3 local Taliban fighters.
– 9 SEP: strike targeted Taliban compound in N.Wz killing 5 militants.
– 10 SEP: drone kills 12 militants and important commander in NWFP.
Most Recent and Widely Known
Pakistani Taliban Attack
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The banned Islamist group, which has intimate links to the Afghan Taliban and
al Qaeda, unabashedly confirmed it tried to kill teen activist Malala Yousufzai
as she rode home from school in a van October 9, 2012
But before that, the group, formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP),
took the global spotlight when Faisal Shahzad, a Pakistani-American,
attempted to detonate a car bomb in New York's Times Square in May 2010.
The TTP took responsibility, and Shahzad testified that he had received
training from them.
Formally known as Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, the group is very closely linked
with its namesake in Afghanistan as well as with al Qaeda. It shares its
religious extremist ideology -- but is its own distinct group.
The TTP also has a different goal, but its tactics are the same, says Raza Rumi,
director of policy and programs at the Jinnah Institute, a Pakistani think tank.
"Their primary target is the Pakistani state and its military," he says. "It resents
the fact that it (Pakistan) has an alliance with the West, and it wants Sharia to
be imposed in Pakistan."
Malal Yousafzai
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Ms. Yousafzai was targeted for advocating the right of girls to education, and for exposing
the daily violence and intimidation after the Taliban took control of the Swat valley.
She had been writing a blog for the BBC in Urdu under the pen name “Gul Makai” since the
age of 11.
As the Taliban were driven out of the Swat valley in 2009, her identity was made public.
She received the National Peace Award from former Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani on
December 19, 2011, and was nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize the
same year by the Dutch organisation “Kids Rights”.
Ms. Yousafzai was also a speaker for the Child Assembly in Swat, an initiative supported
by UNICEF in 2011.
She appeared on national and international television to express her views on the rights
of children and girls.
On the day of the attack, spokesperson for the Pakistani Taliban, Ehsanullah Ehsan,
confirmed to international media that they attacked her because “she [was] anti-Taliban
and secular”, adding that she “would not be spared. She was pro-West, she [was] speaking
against Taliban and she [was] calling President Obama her idol […]She [was] young but
she [was] promoting Western culture in Pashtun areas”,he said. He reiterated the threats
to kill her if she survives the attack.
Malala Yousafzai
• Gunmen halted the van ferrying Malala Yousafzai through
her native Swat Valley, one of the most conservative
regions in Pakistan.
• They demanded that other girls in the vehicle identify her.
Malala had faced frequent death threats in the past.
• Some of the girls pointed her out.
• At least one gunman opened fire, wounding three girls.
• Two suffered non-life-threatening injuries, but bullets
struck Malala in the head and neck.
• The bus driver hit the gas. The assailants got away.
• Malala was left in critical condition.
• An uncle described her as having excruciating pain and
being unable to stop moving her arms and legs.
Malala Yousafzai
• Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani girl shot in an
attempted assassination by the Taliban in
October, has spoken publicly for the first time of
her recovery in Britain, saying God has given her
"a second life" thanks to the prayers of those
who supported her around the world.
• Malala has been treated at the Queen Elizabeth
hospital in Birmingham since being flown to
Britain after being shot by the Taliban for
campaigning for women's rights and girls'
education
Malala’s Courage
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/11/world/asia/pakistan-erupts-in-angerover-talibans-shooting-of-malala-yousafzai.html?hp