GPC 126
Physiological Psychology
Origins of
Physiological
Psychology
Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC
METU-NCC
Spring 2016
This presentation has been created for the sole purpose of assisting
students enrolled in GPC 126, Physiological Psychology, during the
Spring Semester of 2015 at
Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus
All of the material in the presentation is
drawn from the course textbook,
Foundations of Physiological Psychology
by
Neil R. Carlson
Mascot
Housekeeping
1. Missing Documents:
Academic Honesty Policy
•Please familiarize yourself with the METU academic code of ethics
found at:
•http://oim.ncc.metu.edu.tr/pages/registration/code_of_ethics.php
2. 19 May National Holiday
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Class Research Assignment Change:
Presentation Outline not paper.
Teams of three (3) (3rd class).
Topic to be selected by 6th class meeting.
Presentation by all 3 members.
Housekeeping
The Research Paper
requirement for GPC 126
has been changed to the
following:
Housekeeping
Students enrolled in GPC 126 are requested to
form three member research teams. Each team
will be required to submit a single group
research report (form will be provided) and
make a group conference style presentation of
research findings at the end of the semester.
Housekeeping
To accomplish this task the following deadlines must be met.
•3rd class meeting (March 10) form A (below) must be submitted for
each team.
•6th class meeting (March 31) Topic selection must be completed with
instructor’s approval. (List of choices will be provided)
•Group oral class presentation as scheduled during final three class
meetings and submission of research team report.
Housekeeping
Form A
GPC 126 Research Team
Team Name: ______________________________________
Team Members:
1. ____________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________
By signing this form I agree to assume responsibility as a member of this
research team and any team member failing to actively participate will be
reported to the instructor immediately.
Housekeeping
GPC 126 Research Team Report Format
1. Cover page with Title and names of team members
2. The following headings should be used to present the remainder of the
research report.
a. Presentation topic
b. Why was this topic selected?
c. Outline of research findings
d. Presentation Summary and Conclusion
e. References
Plan for the day
1. Define the field of physiological psychology
2. Review the history of the field
3. Four levels of science
Important and
basic definitions
Definition of the field
Physiological Psychology:
The scientific study of the biological
origins of behavior. It is the joining
of both psychology and physiology
that permits understanding of human
behavior; normal and abnormal.
Definition of the field
What is behavior?
a : the manner of conducting oneself
b : anything that an organism does
involving action and response to
stimulation
c : the response of an individual, group,
or species to its environment
How is behavior expressed???
Can I see behavior??
Inuvik Dancers
What is common among all of these?
Ke Kai O Kahiki
Swan Lake
What are the three domains of
human behavior?
Is this behavior????
Definition of the field
Cognitive behavior
Thinking
Definition of the field
Affective behavior
Feeling
Definition of the field
Psycho-Motor
behavior
Doing
Definition of the field
What is normal behavior…..??
Definition of the field
What is abnormal behavior?
Definition of the field
Physiological psychology
(biological psychology, or
behavioral neuroscience) is a
field of psychology that
connects behavior and mental
processes to bodily
processes, and to the
functions and actions of the
brain. The brain in turn affects
behavior and the mind.
Definition of the field
Perhaps the greatest challenge
to be faced by scientists is the
search for a complete
understanding of the human
nervous system….it is the search
for what makes us human.
Definition of Terms
Dualism: A belief that the mind
and the body are separate things.
Monism: A belief all things are
matter and energy and the mind
is the product of the working of
the human nervous system.
Definition of Terms
What are we??
Body
Definition of Terms
What are we??
Mind
Definition of Terms
What are we??
Spirit
For many years
scientists have
studied the
body…….
And later we
studied the
mind….
Now we are studying how they
relate to each other……
Relating Brain and Behavior
3 Ways
1. Somatic Intervention
2. Behavioral Intervention
3. Correlation
Somatic: Relating to the body….(bedensel?)
Relating Brain and Behavior
Somatic Intervention
Intervention
Behavior Change
Relating Brain and Behavior
Behavioral Intervention
Behavior Change
Brain Affected
Relating Brain and Behavior
Correlation
Somatic Variables
Behavioral variables
Perspectives
To understand how brain affects behavior
or mental processes we need to look at
behavior rather carefully and at many
different levels or perspectives.
1.Description of behavior
2.Evolution of behavior
3.Development (ontological) of behavior
4.Mechanisms of behavior
5.Applications of biopsychology to
behavior
Description of Behavior
1.We can describe behavior in two
ways. First in terms of acts or
processes, e.g., description of limb
movements carefully photographed at
different positions.
2.We can also describe behavior in
functional terms, e.g., what was the
limb doing when it was going through
many positions; so the limb could be
involved in walking, running or
hopping.
Evolution of Behavior
1. A number of behaviors can be shared by a variety of animals due to
common elements of their biology. An earthworm, an eagle and a human
all have neurons and thus can have similar tactile sensations.
Evolution of Behavior
And yet there are behaviors that are different across species, or even
within a specie. Navigation in fruit-eating megabats is based on vision; in
microbats, echolocation.
Development of Behavior
(Change in behavior over life
span)
Behavior changes during
development. So the duration of
sleep in humans decreases with
age. So does REM and NonREM sleep.
REM: Rapid Eye Movement
Mechanisms of Behavior
1.So what lies underneath this behavior
that we study?
2.A variety of biological mechanisms
including electrophysiological and
biochemical mechanisms.
3.So behaviors like walking, sleeping,
making memories, and reproductive
behaviors all tend to have these
mechanisms for their execution.
Electricity or Chemistry
Applications
1.Major goal or application of biological psychology is to improve human
health.
2.Research in this field has led to the discovery of many drugs and other
techniques that alleviate suffering from such conditions as insomnia,
schizophrenia, and depression.
Levels of Analysis
1.This behavior that we have been talking about can be analyzed at
many levels.
2.Social level being highest level of all. Each level as we proceed
becomes more minute in analysis.
Reductionism is
an approach that
analyzes any
phenomenon at
more basic levels
of analysis.
Levels of Analysis
1.This behavior that we have been talking about can be analyzed
at many levels.
2.Social level being highest level of all. Each level as we proceed
becomes more minute in analysis. Reductionism is an approach
that analyzes any phenomenon at more basic levels of analysis.
Social
Organ
Neural systems level
Circuit
Cellular
Synaptic
Molecular
Consciousness defined
Consciousness:
the fact that we are
aware of – and can
tell others about –
our thoughts,
perceptions,
memories, and
feelings. It is selfawareness.
What does it mean to be conscious?
How do you know that you are conscious?
What are some things that
can affect “consciousness?
Anything that significantly changes the structure or
chemistry of the brain.
1. Brain damage: Trauma
2. Drugs
3. Fatigue
Consciousness
Consciousness and communication are
related.
The ability to send and receive messages
with other people enables us to send and
receive our own messages – in other
words, to think and to be aware of our
own existence.
Language and
Memory
A brief history of
physiological
psychology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0HKupSZq8k
A brief history of physiological psychology
Early Ancestors
1.One million years ago man valued brain, and knew that injury to it
caused death.
2.First brain surgery (trephination) took place around 7000 BCE during
Neolithic times.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Chinese In 2700
BCE, Shen Nung
originated
acupuncture
based on YinYang philosophy.
Acupuncture was
derived from
Taoist traditions
that were even
older (8,000
years).
A brief history of physiological psychology
Ancient Egyptians
Called the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, they were the first written
account of the brain in 1700 BCE, based on text that was 3000 BCE
old. This account describes 28 cases of brain, skull and spinal injuries.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Hippocrates
1.Studied brain injured patients (gladiators), and noted that brain was
the seat of our joys, pleasures, sorrows etc.
2. …and our sensations and intelligence.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Greek Philosophers discussed the mind at length,,,before we can we
must define it….
A mind is the term given to the complex of
cognitve faculties (abilities) that permit:
Feeling
Consciousness
Intelligence
Judgment
Perception
Thinking
Reasoning
A brief history of physiological psychology
The Greek
Philosopher
Plato correctly
identified mind in the
brain, however his
student Aristotle
believed that mind
was in the heart,
brain to him was
merely a radiator to
cool the blood.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Roman Physician
1. Galen (Jalinoos, 129-199) a
prominent Roman surgeon agreed
with Hippocrates on the brain as the
seat of the mind. He carried out
dissections, and found cerebrum to
be soft and cerebellum hard.
Aelius Galenus
129-200 ce
Galen of Pergamon
(Bergama)
2. Also discovered fluid-filled
ventricles, which he thought
(cerebrospinal fluid) was used to
communicate.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Humorism, is a system of medicine
detailing the makeup and workings of
the human body, adopted by Ancient
Greek and Roman physicians and
philosophers. They believed that an
excess or deficiency of any of four
distinct bodily fluids in a person —
known as humors or humours —
directly influences their temperament
and health. First link between
physical and mental processes.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Hippocratic
Humorism
Origin:
Egyptian/Mesopotamian but
formalized by early Greek
physicians around 400 BCE…
A brief history of physiological psychology
Choleric
Humor: Yellow Bile
Element: Fire
Season: Summer
Age: Childhood
Qualities: Hot & Dry
Organ: Gall Bladder
Planet: Mars
Personality: ambitious, leader-like, restless, easily angered
A brief history of physiological psychology
Sanguine
Humor: Blood
Element: Air
Season: Spring
Age: Adolescence
Qualities: Hot & Moist
Organ: Heart
Planet: Jupiter
Personality: courageous, hopeful, playful, carefree
A brief history of physiological psychology
Phlegmatic
Humor: Phlegm
Element: Water
Season: Autumn
Age: Maturity
Qualities: Cold & Moist
Organ: Brain
Planet: Moon
Personality: calm, thoughtful, patient, peaceful
A brief history of physiological psychology
Melancholic
Humor: Black Bile
Element: Earth
Season: Winter
Age: Old Age
Qualities: Cold & Dry
Organ: Spleen
Planet: Saturn
Personality: despondent, quiet, analytical, serious
A brief history of physiological psychology
Ibn ZakariyaalRazi(Rhazes) a persian
physician, criticized
Galen on his theory
bodily humors.
Describes seven cranial
nerves and 31 spinal
nerves in Kitabal-Hawi
Fil-Tibb.
Muhammad ibn
Zakariya al-Razi
865-925
A brief history of physiological psychology
Al-Haytum
(Al Hasan)
Al-Haytum(Alhazen)
wrote a seven volume
book on optics called
Kitab-al-Manazir.
965-1040ce
Correctly identified light
as an external source for
vision and dispelled
Empedocles idea of the
visual ray.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Al-Zahrawi
Al-Zahrawi(Abulcasis) an Arab surgeon
from Spain, described several surgical
treatments for neurological disorders.
Wrote Kitabal-Tasrif, a thirty-volume
encyclopedia of medical practices.
936-1013
A brief history of physiological psychology
Ibn-i-Sina
Ibn-i-Sina(Avicenna) also called
the Prince of Medicine wrote AlQanoonfil-Tibb‘The Canon of
Medicine’.
In the text he talked about
perception, imagination and
generation of ideas.
980-1037
A brief history of physiological psychology
Rene Descartes
Like Plato believed that
the mind possessed
innate ideas, and
proposed mind-body
dualism interacting at the
pineal gland.
Descartes described reflex
action, as a basis of
understanding behavior
from a neuro-scientific
view.
1596-1650
A brief history of physiological psychology
Dualism
The idea that humans are
composed of separate parts.
Physical Qualities
Size
Weight
Shape
Color
Motion
Mental Qualities
Consciousness
Perceptual experience
Emotional experience
Beliefs
Desires
A brief history of physiological psychology
Reflex
Also known as a reflex action, is an
involuntary and nearly instantaneous
movement in response to a stimulus.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Nerves
1.Galvani and Bois-Reymond showed that electrical
current would twitch muscles, and the brain
generated electricity.
2.Bell and Magendies showed spinal roots carried
messages in different directions.
Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) Charles Bell(1774-1842
)Emil Du Bois-Reymond(1818-1896)Francois
Magendie(1783-1855)
A brief history of physiological psychology
Luigi Aloisio Galvani
Italian physician
Lived and died in
Bologna Italy.
1771 Discovered that
the muscles of dead
frogs twitched when
struck with an electric
spark.
1737-1798
Bioelectricity
A brief history of physiological psychology
Luigi Aloisio Galvani
A brief history of physiological psychology
Specific Nerve
Energies
Muller proposed
that the nature of a
sensation depends
on which sensory
fibers stimulated,
not on how fibers
are stimulated.
Johannes Müller
(1801-1858)
A brief history of physiological psychology
Specific Nerve Energies
Muller’s student, Helmholtz
measured the speed of
nerve conduction as well as
researching the physiology
of vision and visual
perception..
H. Helmholtz
(1821-1894)
A brief history of physiological psychology
Neuron Doctrine
Cajal believed that
neurons are separate
and communicate
through gaps. This
came to be known as
the neuron doctrine.
Ramón y Cajal
(1852-1934)
His pioneering investigations of the microscopic
structure of the brain were original: he is
considered by many to be the father of modern
neuroscience. He was skilled at drawing, and
hundreds of his illustrations of brain cells are
still used for educational purposes today
A brief history of physiological psychology
Synapse
Studied reflex action in
dogs.
Based on his behavioral
experiments he inferred
about synaptic
transmission.
Named the gap Cajal
pointed out as synapse.
Sir Charles Sherrington
(1857-1952)
A brief history of physiological psychology
Brain Regions
Flourens conducted many brain
ablation experiments and found
that the cerebellum played an
important role in coordinated
movements.
Pierre Flourens
(1774-1867)
Marie Jean Pierre
Flourens was a French
physiologist, the founder
of experimental brain
science and a pioneer in
anaesthesia.
Through the study of
ablations (small areas of
intentional damage) on
animals, he was the first to
prove that the mind was
located in the brain, not
the heart.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Phrenology
How
accurate
was
this?
A brief history of physiological psychology
“Skull Bumps”
Gall studied skull bumps and proposed
modularity of the brain. Different parts of
brain performed different functions.
Franz Gall
(1758-1828)
A search for the “cause” of
deviancy or abnormality led to
many pseudo-sciences.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Speech Area
Broca, studied patient Tan after his death and found an area in
the brain that was involved with speech production.
Paul Broca
(1824-1880)
A brief history of physiological psychology
Speech Comprehension
Just as Broca had shown speech production area in the brain,
Wernicke identified speech comprehension area.
Carl Wernicke
(1848-1904)
A brief history of physiological psychology
Brain Areas
Brodmann divided the brain into
many distinct areas or regions and
delineated their role in behavioral
function.
Korbinian Brodmann
(1868-1918)
A brief history of physiological psychology
Localization of Function
Lashley’s showed that a number of behaviors like learning and
memory were not localized in particular regions of the brain.
Karl Spencer Lashley
(1890–1958)
A brief history of physiological psychology
Reward Centers
Electrical stimulation of the brain evokes emotional responses in
animals.
James Olds
(1922-1976)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HbAFYiejvo
A brief history of physiological psychology
Electrical Brain Stimulation
Canadian Neurosurgeon. Electrically
stimulated human brain to localize
epileptic foci.
Stimulation of specific areas of the
brain evoked specific memories.
Described sensory and motor cortex
in the human brain.
Wilder Penfield
(1891-1976)
A brief history of physiological psychology
Brain Lateralization
1.Sperry carried experiments to
discover left and right brain
hemispheric specialization.
Roger Sperry
(1913-1994)
A brief history of physiological psychology
A brief history of physiological psychology
Left Brain
I am the left brain.
I am a scientist. A mathematician.
I love the familiar. I categorize. I am accurate.
Linear. Analytical. Strategic. I am practical.
Always in control.
A master of words and language. Realistic.
I calculate equations and play with numbers.
I am order. I am logic.
I know exactly who I am.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Right Brain
I am the right brain.
I am creativity. A free spirit.
I am passion. Yearning. Senseulaity. I am
the sound of roaring laughter. I am taste.
The feeling of sand beneath bare feet. I am
movement. Vivid colors. I am the urge to
paint on empty canvas. I am boundless
imagination. Art. Poetry. I sense. I feel. I am
everything I wanted to be.
A brief history of physiological psychology
Biology of Memory
Neurobiological mechanisms underlying learning and memory in
primates.
Brain lesions specially designed to study behavioral learning and
cognitive memory tasks.
Mortimer Mishkin
(19??-Present)
A brief history of physiological psychology
Koch is promoting the
study of
consciousness
through the use the
modern tools of
neurobiology..
Christopher Koch
(1956-Present)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTS_gvVijxw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMr8bSauaR8
Four Levels of Science
1. Description (weak)
2. Explanation
3.Prediction
4. Control
(Strong)
Influenza
Assignment
Before next class please
watch the following videos.
Neurons: How They Work
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5cab4hgmoE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVo04B0_5R4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4Gt322-XxI
Wile E. Coyote
class is over!
Harika!!