In-situ report
Precipitation
Surface Temperature and humidity
Temperature and humidity profiles
AMDAR
GPS ZTD
Lidar
Bertrand Calpini with input from, Roger Saunders, Richard
Assmann, Stewart Taylor, Gemma Bennitt
1. Rainfall Intensity
• Final report on the WMO CIMO webpage
Rain security network
in the Alps / 2010
Rain security network
in the Alps / 2013
2. Temperature and RH
Field Intercomparison of Thermometer
Screens/Shields and Humidity Measuring
Instruments (17*2 screens)
SDAV
VROT
VTHY
VYOU
SCAE
VDAV
LBOM
LLAN
SYOU
LCOC
VEIG
SSOC
-1.5
Screen/Shield
VYO U2
VYO U1
VTHY2
VTHY1
VRO T1
VFIS2
VFIS1
VEIG 21
VEIG 12
VEIG 11
VD AV2
VD AV1
SYO U2
SYO U1
SWIN 2
SWIN 1
SVAI2
SVAI1
SSO C2
SSO C1
SD AV2
SD AV1
LSO C
LLAN 2
LLAN 1
LCAS
LBO M
ATHI2
ATHI1
Temperature differences with VEIG22 (°C)
44570
11204
499531
503124
503124
503124
503124
503124
239793
503124
503124
503124
503124
503124
329206
Number of cases
Field Intercomparison of Thermometer
Screens/Shields and Humidity Measuring
Instruments
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
Differences in
the time of
occurrence of
daily
maximum
temperatures
Daily Tx time differences with VEIG22 (minutes)
Median
5% - 95% interval
331
331
331
331
331
254
331
331
183
38
42
331
331
SYO U2
VD AV1
VD AV2
VEIG 11
VEIG 12
VEIG 21
VFIS1
VFIS2
VRO T1
VTHY1
VTHY2
VYO U1
VYO U2
266
SVAI2
331
280
SVAI1
SYO U1
331
SSO C2
331
331
SSO C1
SWIN 2
331
SD AV2
331
331
SD AV1
SWIN 1
331
-180
LSO C
-150
331
-120
LLAN 2
-90
331
-60
LLAN 1
-30
331
0
LCAS
30
331
60
LBO M
90
87
120
ATHI2
150
91
180
ATHI1
Field Intercomparison of Thermometer
Screens/Shields and Humidity Measuring
Instruments
Number of cases
Screen/Shield
25% - 75% interval 0.5% - 99.5% interval
Extrem a
Gardaia Results
•
•
Even some low-cost screen appear with very
good performance
Consequences for climate services:
– Maximum daily temperature delay: up to 3hrs
– Maximum temperature error: up to 1.5deg
• Final report on the WMO CIMO webpage
3. Radiosonde
8th WMO International Radiosonde Comparison.
Yangjiang, Guangdong, China
12 July – 3 August 2010
Participants:
11 manufacturers from
China, Finland, France, Germany, Japan,
Korea, South Africa, Switzerland, USA
Tropical/subtropical moist
conditions
Tropopause & 16km
Temperature >> -90deg
D Temperature
D Geopotential Height
D Rel Humidity
Yangjiang Results
•
•
•
•
Unprecedented performances achieved with QRS
No pressure sensor needed anymore for GPS radiosonde
with a direct impact on lowering the cost of radiosonde
Intercomparison results used to facilitate selection of
systems for national purposes, minimizing additional
performance testing on a national level (WTO
procedures).
Recommendations on vendors to improve their
operational radiosonde
>>> Final report on the WMO CIMO webpage
Met Office MODEM vs Vaisala
What is GRUAN?
GCOS Reference Upper Air Network
Network for ground-based reference observations for climate in
the free atmosphere in the frame of GCOS
Initially 15 stations, envisaged to be a network of 30-40 sites
across the globe
See www.gruan.org for more detail
GRUAN goals
Maintain observations over several
decades for accurately estimating
climate variability and change
Focus on characterizing observational
biases, including complete estimates
of measurement uncertainty
Ensure traceability of measurements by
comprehensive metadata collection
and documentation
Ensure long-term stability by managing
instrumental changes
Tie measurements to SI units or
internationally accepted standards
Measure a large suite of co-related
climate variables with deliberate
measurement redundancy
Priority 1: Water vapor,
temperature, (pressure and wind)
Priority 2: Ozone, clouds, …
Monitoring with GPS-RO
Vaisala RS92:
(COSMIC - RS92)/RS92
SIPPICAN (USA):
(COSMIC – SIPP)/SIPP
Co-located
COSMIC
and
radiosonde
refractivity (3
hrs, 300 km)
Very small bias
Sonde’s
understimate
humidity
AMDAR Coverage 13th June 11
E-AMDAR 13th June
E-AMDAR Europe 13th June
E-AMDAR: Network Developments 1.
• 1st Nov 2010 - EZY fleets providing data over UK domain and
selected European airports.
• Software
on coverage
BAW A319 (LCY – SNN – JFK).
But when ainstalled
volcano erupts
is reduced!
26
E-AMDAR: WVSS Programme 1.
27
US (NOAA): WVSS Programme 1.
28
Some stats
• AMDAR reports from Alaskan Airlines
received from 25 March 2011 an extra 110
aircraft reporting ~10% increase in AMDAR
reports globally
• 230 dropsonde reports over North Pacific
during March 2011 – good quality
• 57% reduction of Canadian AMDARs over 2
years, but levelled-off recently
• New Canadian ADS data received from 4
March 2011 over western North Atlantic
Ground-based GPS
Observations available from E-GVAP
http://egvap.dmi.dk
Ground-based GPS
NAE and UK models:
• ~18 000 zenith total delay (ZTD) observations assimilated
into NAE model per day, ~1400 in UK models.
• Recent study focusing on heavy rainfall events with UK4
model showed 10.9% increase in ETS for 6 hour precip
accumulation when ZTDs assimilated.
Global model:
• Trials of assimilating ZTD into global NWP model
underway
• Met Office and Czech republic now produce global near
real-time ZTD observations (not yet available on GTS)
Testbeds and Leadcenters
Met office Observation Monitoring – some notable events 2010/11
• Volcanic ash episode in April 2010: few AMDARs, but more TEMPs - looked for changes
in temperature bias at TEMP stations (as biased AMDARs removed) - no significant changes seen
• Loss of ~40% Canadian sonde winds due to demise of Loran-C on 1/08/10
- impact minimised by CMC producing winds at either 00Z or 12Z at nearby stations
• Antarctic Concordiasi campaign Sep-Nov 2010
- 560 dropsondes received and assimilated at the Met Office
- >50000 balloon winds + temps received/assimilated from 19 gondola balloons
• AMDAR data over UK increased by 65% on 1/11/10 due to EasyJet data (for a 6-month
trial period) - quality similar to other E-AMDAR data
• E-AMDAR processing problems 28-29 Nov 2010
- few AMDARs on 28 Nov, but old data queued & sent on 29 Nov, resulting in rms o-b vector
wind 50% higher (10% for assim’d data) than usual in 12UTC run & probable degradation in forecast
• 2 Greenland stations’ TEMP reports corrupted since January 2011 - data missing 700-100hPa from stations 04220 & 04270 at Met Office (& MeteoFrance) due to
coding errors in reports
• Winds from 102 European wind profilers/weather radars now assimilated at Met Office
- Norwegian WRWP wind quality improved in spring 2010, but Spanish WRWP quality still poor
(no Finnish winds assimilated 2 Nov – 8 Dec 2010, as profiles received in reverse height order)
Issues for NWP
• Transition to BUFR for radiosondes provide new
opportunities
• Global GPS total zenith delay
• In-situ soil moisture and temp
• Common format for precip radar data
•To improve estimates of solid precipitation and
develop guidance on the accuracy and temporal
resolution of solid precipitation parameters
• New observations needed for mesoscale
DAOS-WG statement on need for
additional in-situ observations
There is increasing evidence based upon results from A-TREC,
TPARC, AMMA (in the form of OSEs, adjoint-based
observation impact studies, and analysis uncertainty estimates)
to recommend, if feasible, increases in observations from:
• Commercial aircraft over the N. Pacific, N. Atlantic, and the S.
Hemisphere in general.
• Additional soundings from certain coastal radiosondes,
including those in eastern Siberia, and perhaps selected
stations in polar regions, Africa, and South America.
to improve NWP forecasts in the 2-5 day timeframe.