Essential Biology 2.1 Cell Theory
Due Date:
Student Name:
Blog resource: http://tinyurl.com/29znhft
Cite all sources using the CSE method (or ISO 690 Numerical in Word). The first example has been done
for you. Complete the self-assessment rubric before submitting to Moodle. You may print pages 3&4.
1. State the functions of life, as demonstrated by all living organisms.
2. Define the following terms, with examples:
Unicellular
Multicellular
Acellular
3. State some examples of modern technology that have confirmed cell theory.
4. Outline the three fundamental statements of cell theory
i. Cells are the smallest units of life
ii.
iii.
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Essential Biology 2.1 Cell Theory
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5. Outline the significance of the work of these scientists in forming cell theory.
i. Antonie van Leuwenhoek
ii. Robert Hooke
iii. Louis Pasteur and Robert Remak
6. Describe how the following examples might be exceptions to cell theory.
a. Muscle cells and fungal hyphae
b. Viruses
c. Amoebae
7. Complete this table of SI units of length:
Metric Equivalent
scientific notation
Unit
Abbreviation
kilometer
km
1 000 m
103 m
m
1m
1m
centimeter
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Whole
10-2 m
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Essential Biology 2.1 Cell Theory
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mm
0.001 m
micrometer
μm
0.000 001 m
nanometer
nm
10-3 m
10-9m
8. The diagram below shows the characteristic rod-shaped structure of E. coli bacteria.
a. Calculate the magnification of the image.
b. State the method (shown here) by which
bacteria reproduce.
9. Calculate the actual size of the structures delineated in yellow.
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Essential Biology 2.1 Cell Theory
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10. Calculate the magnification of these scale bars:
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Essential Biology 2.1 Cell Theory
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11. What is the magnification of these images?
a. Scale bar 10µm measures 40mm on the image.
b. Scale bar 5µm measures 25mm on the image.
12. A micrograph has a scale bar of 2µm, which measures 40mm on the image. Measuring the
maximum length of the cell in the image, the ruler reads 180mm. How long is the cell?
13. A student views an image of a cell magnified 350 times. The image is 250mm long. What is the
actual length of the sample in the image?
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Essential Biology 2.1 Cell Theory
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14. Compare the sizes of these structures. Use SI units.
Plant cell
Animal
cell
nucleus
bacteria
Mitochondria
virus
ribosome
Membrane
thickness
molecules
15. Use some of these electron microscope resources to view molecules, cells and structures and to
practice calculating magnifications and actual sizes.
Virtual Electron Microscope: http://virtual.itg.uiuc.edu/
Microscopy UK: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/
16. As the volume of a cell increases, what happens to…? (increase/ decrease)
a. Production of waste products.
b. Usage of nutrients and oxygen.
c. The surface area: volume ratio.
17. State the advantages of maximizing the surface area: volume ratio in a cell.
18. List some adaptations used by cells to maximize SA:Vol ratio.
19. List some adaptations used by multicellualr organisms to maximize SA:Vol ratio
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20. Describe how a large SA:Vol ration can be harmful or costly to small animals.
21. Describe how the invasive Caulerpa algae genus break the rules of SA:Vol.
22. Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life, multi-cellular organisms differentiate
and show emergent properties.
a. Describe what is meant by the term emergent properties.
b. Outline the advantages of cells differentiating to carry out specific functions.
23. All cells in a living organism carry the same genetic information.
a. Define stem cell.
b. Define the following types of stem cells.
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Nullipotent
c. List two types of stem cell that can come from liver stem cells.
24. Outline the process of cell differentiation that leads from an uncommitted stem cell to a
specialized cell, including the role of gene expression. A flow chart might help.
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Essential Biology 2.1 Cell Theory
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25. Outline the relationship between structure and function in three types of specialized cells.
Specialized cell
Structure vs function
Sperm cell
Very small, low energy to produce. Hydrodynamic head with digestive enzymes
to aid fertilization of the egg. Rotor section and tail to aid swimming.
26. Complete the table below to explain two ways in which stem cells can be used in medicine.
Therapeutic cloning
Stem cell transplants
Used to treat
Brief method:
Ethical
considerations
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Extension Reading:
Stem cells cure sickle cell anemia in mice:
http://medgadget.com/archives/2007/12/scientists_cure_sickle_cell_anemia_in_mouse_model.html
What human examples of stem cell therapy have been in the news recently?
10 amazing medical breakthroughs (read them all):
http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/top10/article/0,30583,1855948_1863993,00.html
iPS Stem cells used to make human neurons:
http://scienceblogs.com/notrocketscience/2008/08/stem_cells_created_from_als_patient_and_used_to_make_neurons.php
What is special about iPS stem cells? Do a search for more recent stories – how is research progressing?
How might this technology reduce objections to
Giant bacterium with many genomes
http://scienceblogs.com/notrocketscience/2008/04/enormous_bacterium_uses_thousands_of_genome_copies_to_its_ad.php
How does this bacterium cope with being so large?
Works Cited
1. Allott, Andrew. IB Study Guide: Biology for the IB Diploma. s.l. : Oxford University Press, 2007. 978-019-915143-1.
Self Assessment:
Essential Biology
Criterion
Presentation &
Organisation
Academic
Honesty
Objective 1
understanding
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Complete (2)
Partially complete (1)
Complete and neat. All command
NA
terms highlighted, tables and
diagrams well presented.
Sources cited using the CSE (ISO 690
NA
numerical) method, with Works
Cited section complete and correct.
All answers for the following
Most answers for the following
command terms correct:
command terms correct:
Define
Draw
Label
List
Measure State
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Essential Biology 2.1 Cell Theory
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Objective 2
understanding
Objective3
understanding
Logic, notation,
mathematical
working
Further
research
All answers for the following command
Most answers for the following
terms correct:
command terms correct:
Annotate Apply
Calculate Describe Distinguish Estimate
Identify
Outline
All answers for the following command
Most answers for the following
terms correct:
command terms correct:
Analyse Comment Compare Construct Deduce Derive Design
Determine Discuss
Evaluate
Explain Predict
Show Solve
Sketch Suggest
Answers are presented in a logical
and concise manner. SI units used
NA
most times, with correct unit
symbols and definitions of terms. All
mathematical working shown.
Evidence is apparent of research and
reading beyond the textbook and
presentations to find correct
NA
answers to challenging questions. If
any questions are unanswered, this
criterion scores zero.
Total (max 10):
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