Chapter Twelve
Motivation and Emotion
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Motivation and Emotion
Motivation
Set of factors that activate,
direct, and maintain
behavior, usually toward
some goal
Emotion
Subjective feeling that includes
arousal (heart pounding),
cognitions (thoughts,
values, and expectations),
and expressive behaviors
(smiles, frowns, and
running)
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Smart
Robots
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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
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Six Major Theories of Motivation
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Drive Reduction Theory
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Optimal Arousal Theory
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Sensation Seeking
Four Factors that Characterize Sensation
Seeking
1. Thrill and adventure seeking
2. Experience seeking
3. Disinhibition
4. Susceptibility to boredom
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Some Criticisms
Lacks empirical data
Biased towards Western individualism
Doesn’t fit all situations
Normally we fill the basic needs first; however,
situations may cause people to pursue higherlevel needs before lower-level needs
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MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR
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Hunger and Eating: Biological
Factors
Stomach
Relatively inactive when empty
Can experience hunger without the stomach
Receptors detect nutrient levels
Pressure receptors signal satiety
Biochemistry
Many chemicals involved, as is thermogenesis
Brain
Hypothalamus regulates eating and drinking
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Couch
Potatoes
Key Mechanisms in Hunger
Regulation
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Hunger and Eating: Psychosocial
Factors
Stimulus Cues
Cultural conditioning (e.g.
time, food choice)
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Fool Your
Stomach
Fat Hungry
Brain
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Eating Disorders
Obesity
Body weight 15% or more above the ideal for
one’s height and age
Over half of U.S. adults meet this criterion
Heritability may be a factor
Environmental factors (sedentary, “supersized”
portions, convenience foods with
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salt/fat/sugar, social gatherings)
Ancestry
and Obesity
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Characterized by a severe loss of
weight resulting from selfimposed starvation and an
obsessive fear of obesity
Distorted body image
Need for control
Use of dangerous weight-loss
measures
Negative health impacts (e.g.
osteoporosis, enlarged ventricles)
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Anorexia
and Taste
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa
Characterized by consumption of large quantities of
food (bingeing), followed by vomiting, extreme
exercise, and/or laxative use (purging)
Weight fluctuations within or above normal range
Impulsivity
Negative health impacts (e.g., damage to throat,
cardiac arrhythmias, digestive disorders)
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Eating Disorder Symptoms
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Dying to
be Thin
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Eating Disorders
What might be some causes of eating disorders?
Consider the many aspects of the
biopsychosocial model
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Explain What You See
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Achievement Motivation
Desire to excel, especially in competition with
others
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Need for Achievement (nAch)
High nAch people generally report more success
and satisfaction
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Achievement Motivation
Six characteristics of High nAch
Prefer moderately difficult tasks
Prefer clear goals with competent feedback
Competitive
Responsible
Persistent
More accomplished
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COMPONENTS AND THEORIES
OF EMOTION
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Three Components of Emotion
1. Biological
Brain
Cortex
Limbic System
Amygdala
Autonomic Nervous
System (ANS)
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Three Components of Emotion
2. Cognitive
Thoughts, values, and
expectations
3. Behavioral
Expressions, gestures,
and body positions
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Four Major Theories of Emotion
1. James-Lange Theory
Subjective experience
of emotion results
from physiological
changes, rather than
being their cause;
each emotion is
physiologically
distinct
2. Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotions and
physiological
changes occur
simultaneously; all
emotions are
physiologically
similar
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Four Major Theories of Emotion
3. Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
Movements of the facial
muscles produce and/or
intensify our subjective
experience of emotion
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Four Major Theories of Emotion
4. Two-Factor Theory
Emotion depends on two factors—physiological arousal and
cognitive labeling of that arousal
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Four Major Theories of Emotion
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CRITICAL THINKING ABOUT
MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation based on external rewards or threats
of punishment
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation resulting from internal, personal
satisfaction from a task or activity
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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation
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Polygraph and Lie Detection
Polygraph
Instrument that
measures
sympathetic arousal
to detect emotional
arousal, which in
turn supposedly
reflects lying versus
truthfulness
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Telling Lies
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ANIMATION
The
Polygraph
Polygraph and Lie Detection
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Polygraph and Lie Detection
What are some limitations to
using the polygraph?
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Emotional Intelligence (EI)
The ability to know and manage one’s emotions,
empathize with others, and maintain
satisfying relationships
Self-awareness
Impulse control
Persistence
Empathy
Social deftness
Self-motivation
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Culture, Evolution, and Emotion
Cultural Similarities
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Culture, Evolution, and Emotion
Role of Evolution
Evolutionary theory suggests basic emotions
evolved before thought
Universal facial expressions
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Smart
Robots
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Culture, Evolution, and Emotion
Cultural Differences
Display rules govern how, when, and where to
express emotions
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