UNIT 2 SYNTHESIS MATRIX
Name: Anonymous
Topic: Male methods of contraception
Research Question: Why are there so many contraceptive options for females but so few for males?
Works Cited:
Cheng, C. Yan, and Dolores D. Mruk. "New Frontiers in nonhormonal male contraception." Contraception 82 (2010): 476-482. Elsevier Web 21 March 2013.
Clinaero, Inc. MedTV. 2013. 24 March 2013. <http://women.emedtv.com/birth-control-pills/list-of-birth-control-pills.html>.
Eberhardt, Judith, Anna Van Wersch, and Neil Meikle. "Attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill in men and women in casual and stable relationships."
Journal of Family and Reproductive Health care 35.3 (2009): 161-165. BMJ Group. Web 21 March 2013.
Espey, Eve, MD, MPH, Ellen Cosgrove, MD, and Tony Ogburn, MD. "Family Planning American Style: Why It's So Hard to Control Birth in the US."
Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics 34.1 (2007): 2-12. MD Consult. Web 21 March 2013.
Littlejohn, Krystale E. "Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Discontinuation Because of Dissatisfaction: Differences by Race and Education." Demography 49
(2012): 1433-1452. EBSCOhost Business Source Complete. 20 February 2013.
Liu, Peter Y. and Rober I. McLachlan. "Male Hormonal Contraception: So Near and Yet so Far." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93.7 (2008):
2474-2476. Highwire Press Free. Web 21 March 2013.
McDonald, Peter. "Gender Equity in Theories of Fertility Transition." Population and Development Review 26.3 (2000): 427-439. JSTOR. Web 21 March 2013.
Naz, Rajesh K. and Shon Rowan. "Update on Male contraception." Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 21 (2009): 265-269. Ovid SP. Web 21 March
2013.
Sheldon, S. ”'Sperm Bandits', Birth Control Fraud and the Battle of the Sexes." Legal Studies 21.3 (2001): 460-480. Wiley Online Library. Web 21 March 2013.
Wang, Christina and Ronald S. Swerdloff. "Hormonal Approaches to Male contraception." NIH Public Access Author Manuscript 20.6 (2010): 520-524. Ovid
SP. Web 21 March 2013.
Wersch, A. Van, J. Eberhardt, and F. Stringer. "Attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill: psychosocial and cultural explanations for delaying a marketable
product." Andrologie 22 (2012): 171-179. openrepository.com Web 21 March 2013.
UNIT 2 SYNTHESIS MATRIX
Big Idea/Step/Category 1: Significance – Explain why your topic and question are important: The occurrence of unplanned pregnancy in the
United States is frequent. In addition, women must take most of the responsibility for preventing pregnancy, creating gender inequality.
Introduction of more male contraceptive options into the marketplace may help reduce the number of unplanned pregnancies and create a
higher level of gender equality within families and heterosexual couples.
Area 1:
High rate of unplanned
pregnancies in the United States
Point 1
Espey
"The United States possesses...one of
the highest overall unintended
pregnancy rates (49%) among
developed nations." (2)
Point 2
Espey
"Similar to unintended pregnancy,
the U.S. abortion rate of 21.3 per
1,000 women aged 15 to 44
compares unfavorably with rates in
other developed countries." (2)
Point 3
Littlejohn
"Surprisingly, almost one half
(48%) of unintended pregnancies
in 2001 occurred in a month when
birth control was used; and in
2002, 82% of women who had
ever had sex had ever used oral
contraceptives ("the pill"). This
suggests that a large proportion of
unplanned pregnancies is not
solely the result of couples never
having used birth control. Instead,
inconsistent use and contraceptive
failure play an important role..."
(1434)
Area 2:
There are a large number of contraceptive
options available to women, and very few
available to men.
Area 3:
Many more women in heterosexual
relationships are responsible for
contraception than men.
Area 4:
Point 1
Clinaero, Inc.
"Many different types of birth control
pills are available. In fact, the current list
of birth control pills available includes
over 60 different medicines. This list
would be even longer if those pills no
longer made were included:
Point 1
Eberhardt
"Men only use contraception in around
one-third of heterosexual partnerships."
(161)
Point 1
Alesse®, Altavera®, Alyacen™, Amethia™ ,
Amethia™ Lo, Amethyst™, Apri®,
Aranelle™, Aviane®, Azurette™, Balziva™,
Beyaz™ , Brevicon®, Briellyn™, Camila®,
Camrese®, Camrese®Lo, Caziant™, Cesia,
Cryselle®, Cyclafem™ , Cyclessa®, Dasetta™,
Desogen®, Elinest™, Emoquette™,
Enpresse®, Enskyce™, Errin®, Estarylla™,
Estrostep® Fe, Falmina™ , Femcon™ Fe,
Gianvi™, Gildess® Fe, Heather®, Jolivette®,
Jolessa™, Junel Fe™, Junel™, Kariva®,
Kelnor™, Kurvelo®, Leena®, Lessina™,
Levlite™, Levonest™ , Levora®, Lo/Ovral®,
Loestrin®, Loestrin® Fe, Loestrin® 24 Fe, Lo
Loestrin™ Fe, Loryna™ , LoSeasonique®,
Low-Ogestrel®, Lutera™, Lybrel™,
Microgestin®, Microgestin® Fe, Mircette®,
Myzilra™, Modicon®, Mono-Linyah™,
MonoNessa®, Natazia™ , Necon®, Nora-BE®,
Nordette®, Norinyl®, Nor-QD®, Nortrel®,
Ocella™, Ogestrel®, Ortho Micronor®, Ortho
Tri-Cyclen Lo®, Ortho Tri-Cyclen®, OrthoCept®, Ortho-Cyclen®, Ortho-Novum®,
Orsythia™, Ovcon®, Philith™, Portia®,
Previfem®, Quasense™, Reclipsen™,
Safyral™ , Seasonale®, Solia™, Sprintec®,
Point 2
Naz
"65% of women thought contraceptive
responsibilities fall too much on
women."
(265)
Point 3
Naz
"The main objective of this study was to
examine whether the participants were
willing to use male contraception;
55.1% expressed willingness to use it."
(265)
Point 2
Point 3
UNIT 2 SYNTHESIS MATRIX
Sronyx™, Syeda™, Tilia™ Fe, Tri-Linyah™ ,
Tri-Legest® Fe, TriNessa®, Tri-Norinyl®,
Triphasil®, Tri-Estarylla™, Tri-Previfem®,
Tri-Sprintec®, Trivora®, Velivet™, Vestura™,
Wera™, Yasmin®, Yaz®, Zarah™,
Zenchent™, Zeosa™, Zovia™."
Point 2
Naz
"Current methods of male contraception
are coitus-dependent such as condoms or
coitus interruptus or permanent such as
vasectomy." (265).
Point 3
Naz
"Near-perfect condom usage results in
pregnancy rates as low as 3% but typical
use is as high as 14%." (266).
Point4
Naz
"Drawbacks to vasectomy include the
fact that it is surgical and not easily
reversed...Complications from the
surgery include bleeding and hematoma,
sperm granulomas, chornic pain, and
epididymitis." (266).
Point 5
Handelsman
"Yet whereas the last few decades saw
the introduction of a variety of reliable
and reversible contraceptives for women,
not a single new contraceptive method for
men was introduced during the last
century." (559).
UNIT 2 SYNTHESIS MATRIX
Big Idea/Step/Category 2: A large volume of research on male contraception has been conducted, yet there are no male hormonal
contraceptives in the market.
Area 1:
History of research
Point 1
Eberhardt
"Although research into MHC has
been ongoing since the early 1970s,
a male contraceptive pill has yet to
be implemented." (161).
Point 2
Handelsman
"Novel targets for male
contraception continue to be
identified but their clinical
development remains well into the
future. The closest to practical
implementation for a new male
contraceptive is the hormonal
approach. Curiously, it has long
been known that hormonal
suppression of gamete production
was as feasible for men as it was for
women. (559)
Point 3
Wang
"The use of androgens to suppress
spermatogenesis was initiated in
the 1970s by the Contraceptive
Development Branch of NICHD,
NIH and other research agencies."
(2)
Area 2:
Types of research conducted
Area 3:
Funding for continued research and
development
Area 4:
Point 1
Cheng
"Reversible inhibition of sperm under
guidance involves injection of steric
maleic anhydride combined with
dimethyl sulfoxide into the vas deferens
to create a partial obstruction, and as
sperm passes, its plasma and acrosomal
membranes, midpiences and tails are
severely destroyed, resulting in
infertility." (477).
Point 1
Wang
"Despite a very high rate of suppression
of spermatogenesis to sever
oligozoospermia, the pharmaceutical
companies decided not to proceed with
male hormonal contraception
development." (4)
Point 1
Point 2
Cheng
"Immunocontraception involves the use
of antigens/antibodies to target different
aspects of gamete production an d
function as a means of inducing
infertility." (477)
Point 3
Handelsman
"...far more mechanistic, efficacy, and
safety information is now available about
male methods [of contraception] than
when female methods were introduced in
1960 to an eager market." (560).
Point 4
Wang
"A steroidal SARM, 7 alpha-methyl-19nortestosterone has undergone clinical
trials as implants and others such as
dimethandrolone are in development as
Point 2
Point 2
Naz
"Several pharmaceutical companies
have withdrawn from this field because
of lack of potential profitability, longterm investment, and medico-legal
reasons." (268-269)
Point 3
Naz
"Funding continues through
organizations such as WHO,
Contraceptive Research and
Development Program, and National
Institutes of Health (NIH). The first
large scale androgen-progestin
contraceptive efficacy study has been
initiated in seven countries. WHO has
identified the development of effective
male hormonal contraception has a
priority." (269)
Point 4
Handelsman
Point 3
UNIT 2 SYNTHESIS MATRIX
potential components for male
contraceptives." (5)
"The major practical obstacle has been
the disinterest of the pharmaceutical
industry contrasting vividly with their
enthusiastic adoption of hormonal
contraception and replacement therapy
for women." (560).
UNIT 2 SYNTHESIS MATRIX
Big Idea/Step/Category 3: side effects of hormonal contraception for men and women
Area 1:
Area 2:
Attitudes of men toward potential side
effects of hormonal birth control
Area 3:
Some predicted side effects of male
contraceptives
Area 4:
Point 1
Littlejohn
"Of all women who had ever used
hormonal contraception,
approximately 37% had discontinued
at some point in time because of
dissatisfaction." (1444)
Point 1
Eberhardt
"...demonstrated that the male pill may
receive considerable uptake, with most
male respondents ranking it as their first
choice of contraception, although over
70% of those questioned indicated that
they would not tolerate any possible side
effects." (161)
Point 1
Naz
"It was also found that all men using
hormonal male contraception will have
full recovery of spermatogenesis. Four
to five months are required to regain a
sperm concentration of 20 million/ml in
an Asian or white man treated with a
long-lasting testosterone preparation for
1 year." (267)
Point 1
Point 2
Littlejohn
"Of all hormonal contraceptive
users ages 23-44 who had ever
discontinued the pill, the shot, and
Norplant (the most widely used
hormonal methods) because of
dissatisfaction, 59.3% listed side
effects as the reason they were
dissatisfied." (1444).
Point 2
Wersch
"Even though both types of studies have
yielded largely positive results regarding
acceptability, attitudes towards the
possibility of a male contraceptive pill
seem to vary across research projects in
various cultures, in line with the outcome
of a multinational survey which reported
an average acceptance rate of 55%."
(174)
Point 3
Attitudes of women towards
hormonal birth control-related side
effects
Point 3
Point 2
Point 2
Naz
"Significant predictors of recovery to
fertility include age, baseline sperm
concentration, luteinizing hormone
levels and speed of spermatogenesis
levels." (267)
Point 3
Point 3
Liu
"No single method is used universally
by all women; in a way this is analogous
to the less than 5% of men who may not
adequately suppress their sperm output
and in whom this method would not be
suitable." (2475)
UNIT 2 SYNTHESIS MATRIX
Big Idea/Step/Category 4: Women have traditionally been responsible for birth control, but it may be in the best interest of both women and
men for men to take a more active role
Area 1: Women have more interest in
not getting pregnant
Area 2: Men may have increased interest
in preventing pregnancy, due to issues
such as pregnancy fraud
Area 3: Women want men to take more
responsibility for contraception
Area 4:Although some men may be willing to
take more responsibility, others may not
Point 1
McDonald
"In high-fertility contexts, gender
inequity within the family may be
experienced by women as, inter alia,
a generalized dissatisfaction with the
rigors and dangers of a constant
round of childbearing and
childrearing imposed by spousal,
familial, and societal expectations."
(428)
Point 1
Sheldon
"the court emphasised that any wrongful
conduct on the part of the mother should
not alter the genetic father's duty to
provide support for his child."
Point 1
Naz
"Only 2% of the women surveyed said
they would not trust their male partner to
use hormonal contraception." (265).
Point 1
Eberhardt
"...being involved in casual sexual
relationships or no relationship, and having
low trust in its effective use by themselves
reliably predicted a negative attitude." (164)
Point 2
McDonald
"In contemporary market-based
economies, the rewards for market
production far exceed the rewards for
social reproduction." (430)
Point 3
Point 2
Point 2
Eberhardt
"Thus, being female and having trust in
men's effective use of the male pill
reliably predicted a positive attitude
towards the male pill." (164)
Point 2
Wersch
"Compared to women, men have less regular
contact with health care professionals and are
less likely to seek preventive reproductive and
sexual health information." (174)
Point 3
Point 3
Point 3