• Combined Heat and Power
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Carbon footprint - Of heat and various combined heat and power schemes,
heat pumps, etc.
The previous table gives the carbon
footprint per kilowatt-hour of electricity
generated, which is about half the world's
man-made CO2 output. The CO2 footprint
for heat is equally significant and research
shows that using waste heat from power
generation in combined heat and power
district heating, chp/dh has the lowest
carbon footprint. much lower than micropower or heat pumps.
1
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District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple
combustion
Additionally a cogeneration plant (also
called combined heat and power, CHP) is
often added in parallel with the boilers
1
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District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion
1
In the case of a fossil fueled cogeneration
plant, the heat output is typically sized to
meet half of the peak heat load but over
the year will provide 90% of the heat
supplied. The boiler capacity will be able
to meet the entire heat demand unaided
and can cover for breakdowns in the
cogeneration plant. It is not economic to
size the cogeneration plant alone to be
able to meet the full heat load.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion
1
The combination of cogeneration and
district heating is very efficient
energy use|energy efficient. A simple
thermal power station can be 20–35%
efficient, whereas a more advanced
facility with the ability to recover
waste heat can reach total energy
efficiency of nearly 80%.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion
1
Waste heat from nuclear power plants is
sometimes used for district heating. The
principles for a conventional
combination of cogeneration and district
heating applies the same for nuclear as
it does for a thermal power station.
Russia has several cogeneration nuclear
plants which together provided 11.4 PJ of
district heat in 2005. Russian nuclear
district heating is planned to nearly
triple within a decade as new plants are
built.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion
1
Other nuclear-powered heating from
cogeneration plants are in the
Ukraine, the Czech Republic,
Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and
Switzerland, producing up to about
100MW per power station. One use of
nuclear heat generation was with the
Ågesta Nuclear Power Plant in Sweden
closed in 1974.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion
1
In Switzerland, the Beznau Nuclear Power
Plant provides heat to about 20,000
people.SUGIYAMA KEN'ICHIRO
(Hokkaido Univ.) et al.
[http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200607
/000020060706A0175205.php Nuclear
District Heating: The Swiss Experience]
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Micro combined heat and power
'Micro combined heat and power' or
'micro-CHP' is an extension of the now
well established idea of cogeneration to
the single/multi family home or small office
building.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Overview
A micro-CHP system is a small heat
engine (power plant) which provides all
the power for an individual building;
HVAC|heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning, mechanical energy and
electric power
1
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Micro combined heat and power - Overview
1
However, it is not practical to transport heat
long distances, due to heat loss from the
pipes. Since electricity can be transported
practically, it is more efficient to generate the
electricity near where the waste heat can be
used. So in a micro-combined heat and
power system (micro-CHP), small power
plants are instead located where the
secondary heat can be used, in individual
buildings. Micro-CHP are defined by the EC
as being of less than 50kW electrical power
output.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Overview
1
In a central power plant, the supply of
waste heat may exceed the local heat
demand. In such cases, if it is not
desirable to reduce the power
production, the excess waste heat must
be disposed in e.g. cooling towers or sea
cooling without being used. A way to
avoid excess waste heat is to reduce the
fuel input to the CHP plant, reducing
both the heat and power output to
balance the heat demand. In doing this,
the power production is limited by the
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Overview
1
CHP systems are able to increase the
total energy utilization of primary
energy sources, such as fuel and
concentrated solar thermal energy.
Thus CHP has been steadily gaining
popularity in all sectors of the energy
economy, due to the increased costs of
fuels, particularly oil-based fuels, and
due to environmental concerns,
particularly climate change.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Overview
1
In a traditional power plant delivering
electricity to consumers, about 30% of
the heat content of the primary heat
energy source, such as biomass, coal,
solar thermal, natural gas, petroleum or
nuclear power|uranium, reaches the
consumer, although the efficiency can
be 20% for very old plants and 45% for
newer gas plants
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Overview
1
CHP systems have benefited the industrial sector
since the beginning of the industrial revolution
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Micro combined heat and power - Overview
1
Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013
that with 64% of global sales the fuel
cell micro-combined heat and power
passed the conventional systems in
sales in
2012.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/
media/1889744/fct_review_2013.pdf
The fuel cell industry review 2013]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Overview
1
PEMFC fuel cell mCHP operates at low
temperature (50 to 100 °C) and needs
high purity hydrogen, its prone to
contamination, changes are made to
operate at higher temperatures and
improvements on the fuel reformer
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Overview
CHP systems linked to absorption
chillers can use waste heat for
refrigeration.[http://www.fchea.org/c
ore/import/PDFs/CHP%20Fact%20Sh
eet.pdf Fuel Cells and CHP]
1
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Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems
In many cases industrial CHP systems
primarily electricity generation|generate
electricity and heat is a by-product; microCHP systems in homes or small
commercial buildings are controlled by
heat-demand, delivering electricity as the
by-product. When used primarily for heat
in circumstances of fluctuating electrical
demand, micro-CHP systems will often
generate more electricity than is instantly
1
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Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems
1
To date, micro-CHP systems achieve
much of their savings, and thus
attractiveness to consumers, through
a generate-and-resell or net metering
model wherein home-generated power
exceeding the instantaneous in-home
needs is sold back to the electrical
utility
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems
1
Another positive to net-metering is the fact that it is
fairly easy to configure
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems
While net-metering is a very efficient
mechanism for using excess energy
generated by a micro-CHP system, it does
have detractors
1
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Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems
In an evaluation from 2008 by
Claverton Energy Group, Stirling
engined micro CHP was deemed the
most cost effective of the various
microgeneration technologies in
abating carbon in the
UK.[http://www.clavertonenergy.com/what-ismicrogeneration.html What is
microgeneration? Jeremy Harrison,
1
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Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems
A 2013 UK report from Ecuity Consulting
stated that MCHP is the most cost-effective
method of utilising gas to generate energy at
the domestic level.[http://www.ecuity.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/The-role-of-microCHP-in-a-smart-energy-world.pdf The role of
micro CHP in a smart energy
world][http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com
/view/31489/micro-chp-report-powers-heateddiscussion-about-uk-energy-future/ Micro
CHP report powers heated discussion about
UK energy future]
1
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Micro combined heat and power - Engine types and technologies
1
Micro-CHP engine systems are currently based
on several different technologies:
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Micro combined heat and power - Engine types and technologies
1
* Internal combustion engines
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Micro combined heat and power - Engine types and technologies
1
* Steam engines (using either the
traditional water or Organic Rankine
cycle|organic chemicals such as
refrigerants)
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Micro combined heat and power - Fuels and engine types
1
The majority of cogeneration systems
use natural gas for fuel, because
natural gas burns easily and cleanly,
it can be inexpensive, it is available in
most areas and is easily transported
through pipelines, which already exist
for many homes
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Fuels and engine types
1
The future of combined heat and power,
particularly for homes and small
businesses, will continue to be affected by
the price of fuel, including natural gas. As
fuel prices continue to climb, this will make
the economics more favorable for energy
conservation measures, and more efficient
energy use, including CHP and microCHP.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Fuels
1
There are many types of fuels and sources of heat
that may be considered for micro-CHP
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Micro combined heat and power - Engines
1
External combustion engines can run on
any high-temperature heat source. These
engines include the Stirling engine, hot
gas turbocharger, steam engine. Both
range from 10%-20% efficiency, and as of
2008, small quantities are in production for
micro-CHP products.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Engines
1
Other possibilities include the Organic
Rankine cycle, which operates at lower
temperatures and pressures using lowgrade heat sources
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Micro combined heat and power - Thermoelectrics
1
Thermoelectric generators operating on
the Seebeck Effect show promise due to
their total absence of moving parts.
Efficiency, however, is the major concern
as most thermoelectric devices fail to
achieve 5% efficiency even with high
temperature differences.
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Micro combined heat and power - CPVT
1
This can be achieved by Photovoltaic
thermal hybrid solar collector, another
option is 'Concentrated photovoltaics
and thermal' ('CPVT'), also sometimes
called 'combined heat and power solar'
('CHAPS'), is a cogeneration
technology used in concentrated
photovoltaics that produce both
electricity and heat in the same module.
The heat may be employed in district
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - CPVT
1
CPVT systems are currently in production
in Europe, with Zenith Solar developing
CPVT systems with a claimed efficiency of
72%.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - CPVT
Sopogy produces a micro
CSP|Concentrated solar system
(microCSP) system based on
parabolic trough which can be
installed above building or homes, the
heat can be used for water heating or
solar air conditioning, a steam turbine
can also be installed to produce
electricity.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - CHP+PV
The recent development of small scale
CHP systems has provided the opportunity
for in-house power backup of residentialscale photovoltaic (PV) arrays.J.
1
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Micro combined heat and power - CHP+PV
Pearce, “Expanding Photovoltaic
Penetration with Residential Distributed
Generation from Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic
+ Combined Heat and Power Systems”,
Energy '34', pp
1
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Micro combined heat and power - CHP+PV
1
In some regions, in order to reduce waste
from excess heat, an absorption chiller
has been proposed to utilize the CHPproduced thermal energy for cooling of
PV-CHP system.A.
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Micro combined heat and power - Japan
1
The largest deployment of micro-CHP is in
Japan in 2009 where over 90,000 units in
place, with the vast majority being of
Hondas ECO-WILL type.[
http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2009/papers/d
ocs/wgcFinal00801.pdf Micro CHP in
Japan] Six Japanese energy companies
launched the 300W–1kW PEMFC/SOFC
ENE FARM [
http://www.jemmytex.com.tw/d_pdf/3https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
1
In South Korea subsidies will start at 80
percent of the cost of a domestic fuel
cell.,.[http://www.businessgreen.com/busin
ess-green/news/2248391/south-koreaunveils-80-per-cent South Korea unveils
80 per cent subsidy for domestic fuel cells]
The Renewable portfolio standard
program with Renewable Energy
Certificate (United States)|renewable
energy certificates runs from 2012 to
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
Quota systems favor large, vertically
integrated generators and multinational
electric utilities, if only because certificates
are generally denominated in units of one
megawatt-hour
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
1
Ljubljana Conference on the Future of
GHG Emissions Trading in the EU,
March 2008. Salzburg, Austria:
University of Salzburg. Retrieved 16
March 2009 at: www.unisalzburg.at/politikwissenschaft/laube
r
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
1
Around 350 residential mCHP units
where installed in
2012.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/
media/1713685/fct_review_2012.pdf
The fuel cell industry review 2012]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
PEMFC by GS Group|GS
FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/S
mall_Stationary_Fuel_Cell_System-5432929.html GS Fuelcell Co., Ltd]
FuelCell Powers
CellVille,[http://www.fuelcellpower.c
o.kr/eng/index.php FuelCell Power]
Hyundai Hysco, IHI Corporation|IHI
and
Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.co
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Europe
The European public–private partnership
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology
Initiative|Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint
Undertaking Framework Programmes for
Research and Technological
Development|Seventh Framework
Programme project ene.field deploys in
2017[http://www.fchju.eu/sites/default/files/documents/sga2012/P
resentation%20Fiona%20Riddoch%20Session%20II.pdf 5th stakeholders
general assembly of the FCH JU] up 1,000
residential fuel cell Combined Heat and
Power (micro-CHP) installations in 12 states
1
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Micro combined heat and power - Germany
1
In Germany, 3,000 ecopower micro-CHP units
have been installed, using the U.S
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - The Netherlands
1
The micro-CHP subsidy was ended in
2012. To test the effects of mCHP on a
smart grid, 45 natural gas SOFC units
(each 1,5 kWh) from Republiq Power
(Ceramic Fuel Cells) will be placed on
Ameland in 2013 to function as a
virtual power plant.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - UK
1
It is estimated that about 1,000 micro-CHP systems
were in operation in the UK as of 2002
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - UK
The market is supported by the
government through regulatory work, and
some government research money
expended through the Energy Saving
Trust and The Carbon Trust|Carbon Trust,
which are public bodies supporting energy
efficiency in the
UK.[http://www.chpa.co.uk/events/2006/na
tional_conference/presentations/1400%20I
an%20Stares.pdf CHP–The
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - UK
Two fuel cell varieties of mCHP cogeneration units are almost ready for
mainstream production and are planned
for release to commercial markets in early
in 2014. With the UK Government's FeedIn-Tariff available for a 10 year period, a
wide uptake of the technology is
anticipated.[http://www.ecolocker.co.uk/mi
cro-combined-heat-and-power-mchp.html]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - United States
In 2007, the United States company
Climate Energy of Massachusetts
introduced the
Freewatt,[http://www.cdhenergy.com/prese
ntations/Freewatt%20Report%20%20October2011.pdf ANnalysis of data
collected for the Freewatt microCHP
system in Syracuse, NY] a micro-CHP
system based on a Honda MCHP engine
bundled with a gas furnace (for warm air
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - United States
Trenergi Corp, Massachusetts, an
early stage company, in June 2010,
announced its Trion residential, hightemperature (300 F) micro-CHP that
operates on both gas and oil,
demonstrating combined heat and
electrical power efficiencies of up to
90%. Their first products will be 1, 3,
and 5kW
units.[http://www.businesswire.com/
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
1
Testing is underway in Ameland, the
Netherlands for a three year field
testing until 2010 of HCNG were 20%
hydrogen is added to the local
Compressed natural gas|CNG
distribution net, the appliances
involved are kitchen stoves
condensing boilers and micro-CHP
boilers.[http://corporateuk.eneco.nl/
outlook_and_strategy/innovation/Pag
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
Micro-CHP Accelerator, a field trial
performed between 2005 and 2008,
studied the performance of 87 Stirling
engine and internal combustion engine
devices in residential houses in the UK.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
This study found that the devices
resulted in average carbon savings of
9% for houses with heat demand over
54 GJ/year.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
An ASME (American Society of
Mechanical Engineers) paper fully
describes the performance and operating
1
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Micro combined heat and power - Research
1
and Power units which were in
operation from 1979
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
The first unit was an
automatic coal fired steam
electric
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
1
1979, operating with a
steam turbinegenerator for two
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
years, and was modified
with a reciprocating uniflow
expander
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
1
functioned reliably, with only
four forced outages during
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
1
the four years of
operation.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
1
EXPERIENCE WITH
EARLY
DISTRIBUTED
GENERATION
SYSTEMS
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Fossil-fuel power station - Combined heat and power
Combined heat and power (CHP), also
known as cogeneration, is the use of a
power station to provide both electric
power and process heat or district heating
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Vegetable oil fuel - Combined heat and power
1
A number of companies offer diesel
engines|compressed ignition engine
generators optimized to run on plant
oils where the waste engine heat is
recovered for heating.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Low-carbon economy - Combined Heat and Power
Cogeneration|Combined Heat and
Power (CHP) is a technology which by
allowing the more efficient use of fuel
will at least reduce carbon emissions;
should the fuel be biomass or biogas or
hydrogen used as an energy store then
in principle it can be a zero carbon
option. CHP can also be used with a
nuclear reactor as the energy source,
there are examples of such
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Biomass heating system - Combined heat and power
1
Combined heat and power systems are
very useful systems in which wood waste,
such as wood chips, is used to generate
power, and heat is created as a byproduct
of the power generation system
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Biomass heating system - Combined heat and power
There are certain situations where
CHP is a good option. Wood product
manufacturers would use a combined
heat and power system because they
have a large supply of waste wood,
and a need for both heat and power.
Other places where these systems
would be optimal are hospitals and
prisons, which need energy, and heat
for hot water. These systems are sized
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Stationary fuel cell applications - Micro combined heat and power
Micro combined heat and power ,
'mCHP' or 'Micro cogeneration is a socalled Distributed Energy
Resource|distributed energy resource
(DER)
1
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Stationary fuel cell applications - Micro combined heat and power
1
Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that
with 64% of global sales the fuel cell
micro-combined heat and power passed
the conventional systems in sales in
2012.[
http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/18897
44/fct_review_2013.pdf The fuel cell
industry review 2013] 20.000 units where
sold in Japan in 2012 overall within the
Ene Farm project
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Refrigeration cycle - Comparison with Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
A heat pump may be compared with a
CHP unit, in that for a condensing steam
plant, as it switches to produced heat, then
electrical power is lost or becomes
unavailable, just as the power used in a
heat pump becomes unavailable
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple
combustion
Additionally a cogeneration plant
(also called combined heat and power,
CHP) is often added in parallel with
the boilers
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power
'Micro combined heat and power' or
'micro-CHP' is an extension of the idea of
cogeneration to the single/multi family
home or small office building.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - CHP+PV
Pearce, “Expanding Photovoltaic
Penetration with Residential
Distributed Generation from Hybrid
Solar Photovoltaic + Combined Heat
and Power Systems”, Energy '34', pp
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Japan
The largest deployment of micro-CHP is in Japan in 2009
where over 90,000 units in place, with the vast majority being
of Hondas ECO-WILL
type.[http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2009/papers/docs/wgcFinal0
0801.pdf Micro CHP in Japan] Six Japanese energy
companies launched the 300W–1kW PEMFC/SOFC ENE
FARM [http://www.jemmytex.com.tw/d_pdf/3-Tokyo%20GasPerformance%20of%20residential%20Stationary%20PEM%2
0FC%20in%20actual%20and%20daily%20use%20for%20yea
rs.pdf Japan 2005-2008
mchp][http://www.ballard.com/files/pdf/Spec_Sheets/FCgen1030V3_docmetrics.pdf FCgen-1030V3] product in 2009, with
3,000 installed units in 2008, a production target of 150,000
units for 2009–2010 and a target of 2,500,000 units in
2030.[http://www.tokyo-gas.co.jp/tgminutes/64.pdf ENE FARM
residential fuel cells launched] Per December 2012 Panasonic
and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
PEMFC by GS Group|GS
FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Stationary_Fuel_Cell
_System--5432929.html GS Fuelcell Co., Ltd] FuelCell Power
(now Doosan),[http://www.fuelcellpower.co.kr/eng/index.php
FuelCell Power] Hyundai Hysco, IHI Corporation|IHI and
Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/product/GreenEner
gy/FuelCellSystem/RND1kWLowTemperaturePEMFCSystem.
jsp Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC System] SOFC
by KEPRI,[http://www.kepri.re.kr/ Kepri] LS Group|LS
Industrial Systems (from ClearEdge Power), Samsung
Everland (ClearEdge Power), Molten carbonate fuel
cell|MCFC by POSCO Energy (FuelCell Energy)
[http://www.iphe.net/docs/Events/Japan_311/2%20Park_KOGAS.pdf 2009-Initial stage of
commercialization of residential fuel cells in Korea] and
Doosan Heavy Industries Construction|Doosan.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Germany
1
In Germany, 3,000 ecopower micro-CHP units
have been installed, using the U.S
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
1
for an additional two years
operation. The unit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Woodchips - Micro Combined heat and power
1
Wood is occasionally used to power
engines, such as steam engines,
Stirling engines, and Otto engines
running on woodgas
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Overview
PEMFC fuel cell mCHP operates at
low temperature (50 to 100°C) and
needs high purity hydrogen, its prone
to contamination, changes are made
to operate at higher temperatures and
improvements on the fuel reformer
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC
*Per December 2012 Panasonic and
Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. sold about 21,000
PEM Ene-Farm units in Japan for a
price of $22,600 before
installation.[http://panasonic.co.jp/c
orp/news/official.data/data.dir/2013/
01/en130117-5/en130117-5.html
Launch of new 'Ene-Farm' home fuel
cell product more affordable and
easier to
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC
*Toshiba and Osaka Gas Co Ltd /
Nichigas[http://www.nichigas.co.jp/en/applian
ces/enefarm.html Nichigas Ene Farm]
installed 6,500 PEM ENE FARM units
(manufactured by Chofu Seisakusho Co
Ltd[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS
_EN/20111223/202951/?ST=english_PRINT
Toshiba revamps 'Ene Farm' residential fuel
cell] ) per nov
2011.[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NE
WS_EN/20111223/202951/ Toshiba revamps
'Ene Farm' residential fuel cell]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
*In the middle of 2012 JX Nippon Oil
Co.Sanyo and Seibu Gas Energy Co sold
around 4000 SOFC Ene Farm
units.[http://www.fcdic.com/eng/news/2012
08.pdf The latest news number 196, 2012
FCDIC ]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
*Aisin Seiki in combination with Osaka
Gas, Kyocera, Toyota and Chofu
Seisakusho started in April 2012 with the
sales of the SOFC ENE-FARM Type S for
around $33,500 before
installation.[http://www.robaid.com/tech/en
e-farm-type-s-most-efficient-residentialuse-solid-oxide-fuel-cell.htm ENE-FARM
Type S]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
*PEMFC by GS Group|GS
FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Stati
onary_Fuel_Cell_System--5432929.html GS
Fuelcell Co., Ltd] FuelCell Power,
[http://www.fuelcellpower.co.kr/eng/index.php
FuelCell Power] Hyundai Hysco, IHI
Corporation|IHI and
Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/pr
oduct/GreenEnergy/FuelCellSystem/RND1k
WLowTemperaturePEMFCSystem.jsp
Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC
System]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
1
*SOFC by KEPRI,[http://www.kepri.re.kr/
Kepri] LS Group|LS Industrial Systems
(from ClearEdge Power), Samsung
Everland (ClearEdge Power).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
1
*Molten carbonate fuel cell|MCFC by
POSCO Energy (FuelCell Energy)
[http://www.iphe.net/docs/Events/Ja
pan_3-11/2%20Park_KOGAS.pdf 2009Initial stage of commercialization of
residential fuel cells in Korea] and
Doosan Heavy Industries
Construction|Doosan.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
1
*PAFC Doosan Fuel Cell
America
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Germany
1
In Germany, 3,000 ecopower micro-CHP units have
been installed, using the U.S
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
1
*Ceramic Fuel Cells installs until 2014
up to 100 SOFC units under the SOFTPACT[http://www.fchju.eu/project/solid-oxide-fuel-cellmicro-chp-field-trials Solid oxide fuel
cell micro-CHP field trials] project with
E.ON in Germany and the UK. A factory
in Heinsberg, Germany for the
production of SOFC based micro-CHP
units started in June 2009 to produce
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
*Vaillant
Group|Vaillant
(Sunfire
SOFC[http://www.su
nfire.de/en Sunfire])
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - UK
It is estimated that about 1,000 micro-CHP
systems were in operation in the UK as of 2002
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC
1
In early 2012 less than 1000 1 kWe BaxiInnotech [http://www.baxi-innotech.de/
BAXI-Innotech] PEM micro-CHP units
from BDR Thermea where installed
[http://www.cospp.com/articles/print/volum
e-13/issue-3/features/micro-chp-japancontinues-to-lead-as-fuel-cells-unitsemerge.html Micro-CHP Japan continues
to lead as fuel cell units emerge]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
1
*A Ceres Power factory in Horsham UK for
the production of SOFC based micro-CHP
units is expected to start low-volume
production in the second half of
2009.[http://www.renewableenergyfocus.c
om/view/4212/ceres-power-signs-fuel-cellchp-assembly-deal-with-daalderop/ Ceres
Power signs fuel cell CHP assembly deal
with Daalderop]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
NGK - Micro combined heat and power
1
NKG is a manufacturer of SOFC fuel cell
micro combined heat and power units in
the range 700W - 1
Kw.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/media/
5101/hrd34-3_nishijima.pdf Development
of SOFC for residential use]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Combined Heat and Power Association
1
The 'Combined Heat and Power Association' is
an energy organisation based in the United
Kingdom.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Combined Heat and Power Association - Structure
1
It is situated on Dean Farrar Street, near St. James
Park Underground station.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Combined Heat and Power Association - Members
1
Members of the CHPA include:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Combined Heat and Power Association - Members
1
* University of
Warwick
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Combined Heat and Power Association - Function
It supports companies involved in
cogeneration, which is sometimes
referred to as district heating,
whereby waste heat from power
generation is used for heating. Smaller
units are referred to as Micro
combined heat and power|MicroCHP.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Combined Heat and Power Association - Function
Many CHP schemes in the UK are
found in hotels, hospitals, universities
and leisure centres. The largest CHP
plant in Europe is the Immingham
Power Station.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Combined Heat and Power Association - History
1
It was founded in 1967 as the
District Heating Association.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power
'Micro combined heat and power' or
'micro-CHP' is an extension of the idea of
cogeneration to the single/multi family
home or small office building in the range
0,3 - 50 Kilowatt|kW. Local generation has
a higher efficiency as it lacks the 8-10 %
energy losses when transporting
electricity over long distances and the 1015 % energy losses on long distance heat
transfer due to the difference between the
hot energy carrier (water) and the colder
external environment.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Overview
1
In many cases CHP systems primarily
electricity generation|generate electricity
and heat is a by-product; micro-CHP
systems in homes or small commercial
buildings are controlled by heat-demand,
delivering electricity as the by-product.
When used primarily for heat in
circumstances of fluctuating electrical
demand, micro-CHP systems will often
generate more electricity than is instantly
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Overview
CHP systems linked to absorption
chillers can use waste heat for
refrigeration.[https://www1.eere.ene
rgy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/tr
i-generation_fountainvalley.pdf TriGeneration success story]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Technologies
1
* Steam engine/Steam motor (using
either the traditional water or Organic
Rankine cycle|organic chemicals
such as refrigerants)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP
1
Fuel cells generate electricity and heat
as a by product. The advantages for a
stationary fuel cell
applications|stationary fuel cell
application over stirling CHP are no
moving parts, less maintenance, and
quieter operation. The surplus
electricity can be delivered back to the
grid.[http://www.orbit.dtu.dk/files/10492
422/FCCHP_LV.pdf Integration of fuel
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP
1
As an example, a PEMFC fuel cell based
micro-CHP has an electrical efficiency of
37% Lower heating value|LHV and 33%
Higher heating value|HHV and a heat
recovery efficiency of 52% LHV and 47%
HHV with a service life of 40,000 hours or
4000 start/stop cycles which is equal to 10
year use.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP
1
In 2013 Service life|Lifetime is around
60,000 hours. For PEM fuel cell units,
which shut down at night, this equates
to an estimated lifetime of between ten
and fifteen
years.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/ana
lysis/analyst-views/2013/13-02-27latest-developments-in-the-ene-farmscheme Latest developments in the
Ene-Farm scheme]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP
United States Department of
Energy|United States Department of
Energy (DOE) Technical Targets: 1–10kW
residential combined heat and power fuel
cells operating on natural
gas.[http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/distrib
utedstationary-fuel-cell-systems DOE
Distributed/Stationary fuel cell systems]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP
|Start-up time from 20°C ambient
temperature||60 min ||45 min ||30 min ||20
min
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - CPVT
CPVT systems are currently in
production in
Europe,[http://www.renewableenergywo
rld.com/rea/news/article/2008/11/resear
chers-explore-hybrid-concentratedsolar-energy-system-53981 Renewable
Energy World-Researchers explore
hybrid concentrated solar energy
system] with Zenith Solar developing
CPVT systems with a claimed efficiency
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Japan
1
The largest deployment of micro-CHP is in
Japan in 2009 where over 90,000 units in
place, with the vast majority being of
Honda's ECO-WILL
type.[http://www.kgu.or.kr/download.php?t
b=bbs_017fn=wgcFinal00305.pdfrn=wgcFi
nal00305.pdf Micro CHP in Japan] Six
Japanese energy companies launched the
300W–1kW PEMFC/SOFC ENE FARM
[http://www.jemmytex.com.tw/d_pdf/3https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC
*Per December 2012, Panasonic and
Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. sold about 21,000
PEM Ene-Farm units in Japan for a price
of $22,600 before
installation.[http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/ne
ws/official.data/data.dir/2013/01/en130117
-5/en130117-5.html Launch of new 'EneFarm' home fuel cell product more
affordable and easier to
install][http://panasonic.co.jp/ap/FC/en_do
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC
*Toshiba and Osaka Gas Co.,
Ltd./Nichigas[http://www.nichigas.co.jp/en/ap
pliances/enefarm.html Nichigas Ene Farm]
installed 6,500 PEM ENE FARM units
(manufactured by Chofu Seisakusho Co.,
Ltd,[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEW
S_EN/20111223/202951/?ST=english_PRINT
Toshiba revamps 'Ene Farm' residential fuel
cell] ) per November
2011.[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NE
WS_EN/20111223/202951/ Toshiba revamps
'Ene Farm' residential fuel cell]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
1
*In the middle of 2012, Nippon Oil|JX
Nippon Oil Co. Sanyo and Seibu Gas
Energy Co. sold around 4,000 SOFC
Ene Farm
units.[http://www.fcdic.com/eng/ne
ws/201208.pdf The latest news
number 196, 2012 FCDIC ]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
*NGK is a manufacturer of 700W-1 Kw
mCHP
units.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/medi
a/5101/hrd34-3_nishijima.pdf
Development of SOFC for residential use]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
1
*Miura Kogyo[http://www.miuraz.co.jp/en/ Miura] and
Sumitomo Precision Products with a 4.2 Kw unit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
*Toto
Ltd.[http://www.fuelcellsemina
r.com/media/9333/a399_1.pdf
Toto Ltd]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
1
In South Korea, subsidies will start at 80
percent of the cost of a domestic fuel
cell.[http://www.businessgreen.com/busine
ss-green/news/2248391/south-koreaunveils-80-per-cent South Korea unveils
80 per cent subsidy for domestic fuel cells]
The Renewable portfolio
standard|Renewable Portfolio Standard
program with Renewable Energy
Certificate (United States)|renewable
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - South Korea
*PEMFC by GS Group|GS
FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Sta
tionary_Fuel_Cell_System--5432929.html GS
Fuelcell Co., Ltd] FuelCell
Power,[http://www.fuelcellpower.co.kr/eng/
index.php FuelCell Power] Hyundai
Hysco[https://www.hysco.com/eng/product/
fuel_cell01.aspx Hyundai Hysco] Joint
venture|JV with Plug Power, IHI
Corporation|IHI and
Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/
product/GreenEnergy/FuelCellSystem/RND
1kWLowTemperaturePEMFCSystem.jsp
Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC
System]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
1
Micro combined heat and power - Germany
1
In Germany, 3,000 ecopower micro-CHP units
have been installed, using the U.S
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC
*Viessmann
(Panasonic)[http://www.fcdic.com/en
g/news/201311.pdf Number 211-2013
FDIC -Viesmann-Panasonic]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC
1
*Elcore,[http://www.elcomax.com/
Elcore - Elcomax ] a 300W
addon.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com
/analysis/analyst-views/2013/13-0814-handling-the-cost-of-residentialfuel-cells Handling the cost of
residential fuel cells]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC
*Tropical (vehicles)|Tropical
[http://www.tropical.gr/products/fuel
-cell-power-generators/1kwhydrogen-fc-power-generator.html
Tropical]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC
1
*Riesaer Brennstoffzellentechnik GmbH
(Inhouse Engineering)[http://www.inhouseengineering.de/de/brennstoffzellensystem
e/produkte/PEM-Brennstoffzellenstacksvon-1-5kW/ Inhouse]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
*Center for Fuel Cell Technology (ZBT)
(Nippon Oil|JX Nippon)[http://www.zbtduisburg.de/en/meta-menu/news-anzeigeeng/article/deutsch-japanischeskooperationsprojekt/ ZBT]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
*Vaillant
Group|Vaillant
(Sunfire/Staxera)[http
://www.sunfire.de/en
Sunfire]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - SOFC
1
*Buderus/Junkers - Bosch Thermotechnik
(Aisin Seiki)[http://enefield.eu/fieldtrials/installations/first-buderus-ene-fieldfuel-cell-system-successfully-tested-insingle-family-home/ Buderus Logapower
FC10 energy centre supplies both heat
and electricity]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC
*In early 2012 less than 1000 1 kWe
Baxi-Innotech [http://www.baxiinnotech.de/ BAXI-Innotech] PEM
micro-CHP units from BDR Thermea
where installed
[http://www.cospp.com/articles/print/vol
ume-13/issue-3/features/micro-chpjapan-continues-to-lead-as-fuel-cellsunits-emerge.html Micro-CHP Japan
continues to lead as fuel cell units
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Denmark
1
The Danish mCHP project 2007 to 2014
with 30 units is on the island of
Lolland and in the western town
Varde.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.co
m/assets/pdf/2008/tuesday/DEM232_AHPederson.ppt.pdf Demonstration
of micro CHP based on Danish fuel
cells] Denmark is currently part of the
Ene.field project.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - United States
1
*AFC Doosan Fuel Cell
America
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html
Micro combined heat and power - Research
Testing is underway in Ameland, the
Netherlands for a three year field testing until
2010 of HCNG were 20% hydrogen is added
to the local Compressed natural gas|CNG
distribution net, the appliances involved are
kitchen stoves, condensing boilers, and
micro-CHP
boilers.[http://corporateuk.eneco.nl/outlook
_and_strategy/innovation/Pages/ThenewHRe
boiler.aspx MicroCHP][http://translate.google.com/translate?
u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterstofvereniging
.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fopinieameland.htmlsl=nltl=enhl=enie=UTF-8
Ameland
Field testing]
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1
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m/the-combined-heat-andpower-toolkit.html
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