PHYSICAL SCIENCE:
UNIT ONE
motion
WARM UP 08/12/2013
BELL RINGER 08/13/2013
1. In order to determine the speed of an object, what
measurements must be made? In order to determine the velocity
of an object, what measurements must be made?
A. distance, time, and direction
B. distance and mass
C. time, distance, and volume
D. distance and time
2. If a squirrel runs 30 meters to the left and then turns around
and runs 60 meters to the right, what is the squirrels total
distance? What is the squirrels total displacement?
DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT
Distance is how far something has
traveled.
Displacement is how far out of place
something is; it is the object’s overall
change in position.
DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT
What is the displacement of the cross-country
team if they begin at the school, run 10 miles and
finish back at the school?
What is the distance and the displacement of the
race car drivers in the Indy 500?
WORK IT OUT: PRACTICE
 A whale swims due east for a distance of 6.9km, turns
around and goes due west for 1.8km, and finally turns
around again and heads 3.7km due east. What is the total
distance traveled by the whale? What is the displacement of
the whale?
 An RV travels 45 km east and stays the night at a KOA. The
next day it travels for 3 hours to the north, traveling 110
km. What is the displacement over the two days for the RV?
SPEED & VELOCITY
Speed=distance/time
Remember triangle method
Velocity-the rate at which an object changes its
position.
*It is speed (distance/time) with a direction.
SPEED & VELOCITY
 If a car travels 400m in 20 seconds how fast is it going?
 If you move 50 meters in 10 seconds, what is your
speed?
 You arrive in my class 45 seconds after leaving math
which is 90 meters away. How fast did you travel?
SPEED & VELOCITY
 Polar bears are extremely good swimmers. If a polar bear is swimming
with an average of 2.6 m/s, how far will it have traveled after 120
seconds?
 Tree sloths are the slowest moving mammals. On average, their velocity
is 0.743 m/s. How long does it take a tree sloth moving at this velocity
to travel 22.3 m?
 A plane travels 500 miles east and lands in Arizona. Then the plane
travels another 500 miles east and lands in California.The entire trip
was completed in 5 hours. What is the average velocity of the plane?
WHAT MAKES A GOOD GRAPH
Motion of an object over a period of time can be
shown on a distance-time graph.
TIME is plotted along the HORIZONTAL axis,
which is the x-axis.
DISTANCE is plotted along the LONGITUDINAL
axis, which is the y-axis.
DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH
*the
steeper
the slope
the faster
the speed
*horizontal=zero slope=zero
speed
GRAPHING
You may work with a partner. Keep voice levels down, if you get too loud, you
will return to your seats and work alone.
On your graph paper…
1.
Label the x axis (HORIZONTAL) as Time (seconds) and the Y axis
(LONGITUDINAL) as Distance (meters).
2.
Label X axis, start labeling time at zero and increase intervals by 5
seconds each (5, 10, 15…50)
3. On the Y axis, start labeling distance at zero and increase intervals by 2
meters each (2, 4, 6…40)
4.
You will use the same time data for all the lines…plot the data..you
should have three difference lines.
5.
Color Code the distance 1 in one color. Distance 2 in another, and
distance 3 in another color.
GRAPHING DATA
Distance
Kherington
Traveled
(m)
Kherington’ Distance
s Time (s)
Dane
Traveled
(m)
Dane’s time Distance
(s)
Miller
Traveled
(m)
Miller’s
Time (s)
2
5
4
5
1
5
4
10
8
10
3
10
6
15
12
15
4
15
8
20
16
20
6
20
10
25
20
25
9
25
12
30
20
30
10
30
14
35
20
35
13
35
16
40
32
40
14
40
18
45
36
45
16
45
20
50
40
50
19
50
ANALYZE DATA
WRITE ON BACK OF GRAPH PAPER
 1. Who had the fastest speed and explain why you think so?
 2. Which of the three had a constant speed?
 3. What happened to Dane during the time intervals of 25 to 35 seconds?
 4. Calculate the average speed of each. *Average speed is total distance (add up
all the distances in a person’s column) divided by total time (add up all the times
in a person’s column).
 Example: Kherington’s distance and time
2+4+6+8+10+12+14+16+18+20=110 5+10+15+20+25=75 110/75=1.46
 5. Make a summary statement about what the slope of the line tells you about
the speed.
BELL RINGER 08/14/2013
 A helicopter is moving past some clouds at a velocity of 5
km/hr north relative to the clouds.The clouds are moving past
the ground at a velocity of 3.5 km/hr north. How fast is the
helicopter going past the ground?
A 2.5 km/hr
B 3.5 km/hr
C 5 km/hr
D 8.5 km/hr
 If a shark is swimming with an average of 6.4 m/s, how far will
it have traveled after 360 seconds?
REVIEW
Speed
Velocity
ACCELERATION
 The rate that you can change your speed/velocity is acceleration.
 Speeding up is a positive acceleration
 Slowing down is a negative acceleration
 Acceleration = Final velocity – Initial velocity
Time
 Average Acceleration = (Final Acceleration – Initial Acceleration)
Time
ACCELERATION
A lizard accelerates from 2 m/s to 10 m/s in 4
seconds. What is the lizard’s average acceleration?
 A runner covers the last straight stretch of a race
in 4 s. During that time, he speeds up from 5 m/s to
9 m/s. What is the runner’s acceleration in this part
of the race?
A car advertisement states that a certain car can
accelerate from rest to 70 km/h in 7 seconds. Find
the car’s average acceleration.
LAB…THINGS TO KNOW BEFORE LAB
 Hypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study
and experimentation.
 Independent variable is the variable that is varied or
manipulated. (HINT: What are you changing????)
 Dependent variable is the response that is measured.
 If a response requires you to put your units (cm, m, km,….) and you do
not put them, IT IS WRONG!!!!
AMENDMENTS TO LAB
 Page 3, under ACCELERATION MINI-LAB, UNDER INVESTIGATION
MARK OUT “measure out another meter from end of ramp, and mark
out every 50cm using a piece of tape on the ground”.
Page 3, under ACCELERATION MINI-LAB #4, mark out have all three
timers,YOU WILL ONLY HAVE ONE TIMER.
 Page 3, under ACCELERATION MINI-LAB #5, mark out and100cm, you
will only go to 50cm.
 Page 4, under Questions /Conclusion #3, mark out 100cm and write
50cm.
LAB TIME
Clear everything off of your desk, except
textbooks
Need only pencil and a piece of paper
Bags go under the desks or at the back of the
room, OUT OF THE WAY
Working groups of 4 to 5, NO MORE
REVIEW FOR QUIZ
 In order to determine the speed of an object, what
measurements must be made? In order to determine the
velocity of an object, what measurements must be made?
A. distance, time, and direction
B. distance and mass
C. time, distance, and volume
D. distance and time
 If a squirrel runs 30 meters to the left and then turns
around and runs 60 meters to the right, what is the
squirrels total distance? What is the squirrels total
displacement?
REVIEW FOR QUIZ
 What is a reference point?
 Explain the difference between displacement and
distance.
 What formula does the triangle method coincide with?
 Polar bears are extremely good swimmers. If a polar
bear is swimming with an average of 2.6 m/s, how far
will it have traveled after 120 seconds?
 If you move 50 meters in 10 seconds, what is your
speed?
REVIEW FOR QUIZ
 Describe a distance-time graph
 How do we determine acceleration?
 Bristan accelerates from 5 m/s to 10 m/s in 5 seconds. What
is her average acceleration?
BELL RINGER 08/15/2013
 If a projectile goes from 100 m/s to 1230m/s in 180 seconds what is it’s
acceleration? What is it’s change in velocity?
 A car is traveling at 50 m/s and suddenly slows to 15m/s in 5 seconds.
What is the acceleration?
BELL RINGER 08/16/2013
 What is the definition of displacement?
 Give one example of a reference point in the classroom? At your
house?
SRI TESTING
 1. Log in as you normally would
 2. Turn off the sound on the computer
 3. Click on Desk tools from the Desktop
 4. Click on READ 180 Student Icon
 5. Click on the SRI icon on the lower left hand side of the screen
 6. LOG IN WITH YOUR ID – it is USERNAME AND PASSWORD
 7. Choose 1, 2, or 3 kinds of books you would like to read, then click NEXT
 8. Complete the Pre-Test
 9. After completing the Pre-Test, continue with the Assessment
 10. After you have finished, a screen will appear let me know, I will come
over once I see that screen and tell you, you can LOG OFF.
8/16/2013 AGENDA
 Finish lab if you have not finished
 WRITE ON YOUR OWN PAPER, WRITE
QUESTION AND ANSWER for Self-Check Section
Reviews
 Section 1 Self Check 1-7, page 46
 Section 2 Self Check 1-7 page 51
 ACCELERATION , SPEED, and VELOCITY problems,
for #2 after “ in seconds...” put 5 seconds
BELL RINGER: MONDAY, 8/19/2013
 If Steve throws the football 60 meters in 10 seconds, what is the speed
of the football?
 -Take out a sheet of paper for notes…
WHAT IS FORCE?
 Force is a push or pull. It is described by its strength and
the direction in which it acts.
 Force is measured in Newton's (N).
 Force is represented by an arrow. The arrow points in the
direction of the force and the length of the arrow tells you
the strength of the force.
FORCES
The
combination of
all forces acting
upon an object
is called the net
force.
UNBALANCED FORCES
Unbalanced
forces acting on
an object result
in a net force
and cause a
change in the
object’s motion
or direction.
BALANCED FORCES
Equal forces acting on an
object in opposite
directions are called
balanced forces. There is
no net force and
therefore the object’s
motion nor direction are
changed.
VECTOR DIAGRAMS
PROBLEMS TO TRY ON YOUR OWN…
BELL RINGER: TUESDAY, 08/20/2013
 Two tugboats are moving a barge. One tugboat pulls to the
right with a force of 3000N and the other pulls to the left with
a force of 12000N. Draw the vector diagram and give the net
force.
 Four people are pulling on a box with the forces shown below.
If there are no other forces on the box, in what direction will it
move?
A toward Diane
B toward Bill
C toward the bottom
D toward the right side
1. An airplane has a weight of 150,000N and a lift
of 45,000N.
2. An airplane has a thrusting force of 200,000N
and a drag force of 25,000N.
3. An airplane has a weight of 100,000N and a lift
of 175,000N.
4. An airplane has a thrusting force of 100,000N
and a drag force of 200,000N.
5. An airplane has a weight of 75,000N and a lift of
205,000N.
6. An airplane has a thrusting force of 80,000N
and a drag force of 175,000N.
7. An airplane has a weight of 25,000N and a lift of
65,000N.
8. An airplane has a thrusting force of 65,000N
and a drag 60,000N.
9. An airplane has a weight of 52,000N and a lift
of 61,000N.
10. An airplane has a thrusting force of 154,000N
and drag of 452,000N.
-Remember you must state draw
the vector diagram
-Give the combined force (net
force of the airplane
-State whether the forces are
balanced or unbalanced
-State what will happen to the
airplane.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
 A.K.A. The law of inertia
 An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in
motion, unless it is acted upon by an unbalanced force.
 Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.
 The more mass an object has, then the greater the inertia.
EVERYDAY EXAMPLES OF NEWTON’S
FIRST LAW….
car suddenly stops and you strain against the seat
belt
when riding a horse, the horse suddenly stops and
you fly over its head
the difficulty of pushing a dead car
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
Acceleration depends on the object’s mass and on the net
force acting on the object.
Acceleration is measured in meters per second squared.
(m/s2)
Acceleration (m/s2) = net force (N) ÷ mass (kg)
So, what could we do to increase or decrease our
acceleration?
EVERYDAY EXAMPLES OF NEWTON’S
SECOND LAW…
hitting a baseball, the harder the hit, the faster the
ball goes
The positioning of football players - massive players
on the line with lighter (faster to accelerate)
players in the backfield
a loaded versus an unloaded truck
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
If one object exerts a force on another object, then the
second object exerts a force of equal strength in an
opposite direction on the first object.
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
EVERYDAY EXAMPLES OF NEWTON’S
THIRD LAW
EVERYDAY EXAMPLES OF NEWTON’S
THIRD LAW…
two cars hit head on
astronauts in space
pool or billiards
NEWTON’S LAWS
 It takes less force to move a DVD than a DVD player.
 A soccer ball will not move until a player kicks it. More force=more
acceleration.
 If air is let out of a balloon quickly, air pushes down & balloon goes up.
 It takes less force to push a bike than a motorcycle.
 Feet push down on the floor and the floor pushes up as you walk
across.
 12 lb bowling ball goes faster down the lane than a 15 lb bowling ball.
 Push a large box & a small box with the same force, the small box will
go faster.
NEWTON’S LAWS
 It takes less force to move a DVD than a DVD player. Newton’s 2nd Law
 A soccer ball will not move until a player kicks it. Newton’s 1st Law
 More force=more acceleration. Newton’s 2nd Law
 If air is let out of a balloon quickly, air pushes down & balloon goes up.




Newton’s 3rd Law
It takes less force to push a bike than a motorcycle. Newton’s 3rd Law
Feet push down on the floor and the floor pushes up as you walk across.
Newton’s 1st Law
12 lb bowling ball goes faster down the lane than a 15 lb bowling ball.
Newton’s 2nd Law
Push a large box & a small box with the same force, the small box will go
faster. Newton’s 2nd Law
NEWTON’S 3 FLAPS
 Supplies needed: piece of white paper, scissors,
markers/crayons, or a pencil
 1. Fold paper hamburger style
 2. Cut three flaps
 3. Outermost flaps should be labeled (Newton’s 1st of
Motion, Newton’s Second Law of Motion, Newton’s 3rd Law
of Motion)
 4. Inward flap should contain the scientific or technical
definition.
 5. Innermost flap should contain a short or easy definition.
 6. The back should contain 2 everyday examples (can be
drawn or explained.
FRICTION AND GRAVITY
 The force that two surfaces exert on one another when
they rub against each other is called friction.
 The strength of the force of friction depends upon two
things: how hard the surfaces push together and the types
of surfaces involved.
 Smoother surfaces tend to have less friction. While rougher
surfaces tend to have more friction.
FRICTION
Friction acts in a direction opposite of the direction
of the object’s motion.
TYPES OF FRICTION
 Static friction is friction that acts on objects that are not
moving.
 Sliding friction occurs when two solid surfaces slide over
each other.
TYPES OF FRICTION
 Rolling friction is friction that occurs as an object rolls across a
surface.
 Fluid friction occurs when a solid object moves through a fluid such as
water, oil and air.
BELL RINGER: WEDNESDAY, 08/21/2013
 Bryer can travel 465 km in 10.5 hours what is his velocity?
 Keegan kicks a ball with her foot and her toes are left stinging.
What Newton’s Law is this describing?
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
F=MA
 So, acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass.The
greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater
the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object).
 The more mass, the harder it is to accelerate.
 The bigger the force, the more the object accelerates.
NEWTON’S GRAPHIC ORGANIC
ORGANIZER
 If you haven’t finished it…finish it today
 If you turned it in, you may get it back out and see if there is anything
else you need to add.
BELL RINGER: THURSDAY, 08/22/2013
 Parsyn measures a small rubber ball and then makes three
other balls of the same diameter from lead, foam, and wood.
Which ball has the greatest inertia?
 A the rubber ball B the lead ball C the foam ball D the wood ball
 DO NOT FORGET YOU HAVE A QUIZ TODAY!!!
JIGSAW ACTIVITY
After you have received a number from Ms.Hobbs,
take a seat at the table number on your slip of
paper (it is only for today). DO NOT WHINE –
DO NOT COMPLAIN!
JIGSAW: EXPERT GROUPS
 Who is it about?
 What is about?
 When could it be taking place?
 Why is it important?
 How does it affect MASS and WEIGHT?
MASS AND WEIGHT
Is it possible for an object to change its weight
without changing its mass? Explain why or why not.
What does it mean for something to orbit around
the Earth? What keeps the space station in orbit
anyway?
MASS AND WEIGHT
 What are those tricks, and how do they serve as evidence
that the astronauts are actually on board the space station?
 If the Moon’s gravitational field strength is one-sixth Earth’s,
figure out what you would weigh on the Moon. Do you
think you would feel lighter – or would you just appear
lighter to someone observing?
MASS AND WEIGHT
 What are some other demonstrations the astronauts could do to prove
they’re really in space?
 When you’re on a roller coaster, you’ll feel lighter at the top of the climb,
just before you head down. Is this similar to the weightlessness that the
astronauts experience? If so, how are they similar? Also, if so, does it have
the same cause? If not, why not?
 For a given force, why do objects with less mass accelerate at a higher rate?
Does this also apply to objects with lower weight, too? Why or why not?
 If you took a bowling ball to the Moon and dropped it onto the Moon’s
surface, would it be harder or easier (or the same) to lift up the bowling
ball? If you held it at arm’s length in front of you with two hands, would it be
harder or easier (or the same) to swing the bowling ball left and right?
MASS AND WEIGHT ACTIVITY
In the groups at your table diagram the relative
weight of an object as it moves away from Earth.
Compare an object’s (astronaut, for example)
theoretical weight at the space station’s orbital
altitude with observable weight on board the actual
station – to derive and understand the conditions
that create weightlessness on the space station.
MASS AND WEIGHT
 How would the weight of an object in space differ based on whether it’s
moving in orbit or remaining still relative to the Earth’s surface?
 Since weight and mass are always observed together on Earth, what do
you think made scientists wonder about whether there was a difference
in the first place?
 When people try to lose weight, are they really trying to lose weight, or
are they trying to lose mass? What do you think?
 Why do you think an object’s observable weight increases near a black
hole? What do you think happens to its mass?
MASS AND WEIGHT
BELL RINGER: FRIDAY, 08/22/2013
 1. The weight of a person on Earth is 6 times his or her weight
on the Moon. What type of force is responsible for a person’s
weight?
 A inertial B electromagnetic C gravitational D mechanical
 2. What is the formula for Newton’s Second Law of Motion?
 A A=F/m B F=ma C F=mg D M=F/a
TODAY: FRIDAY, 08/23/2013
 Complete the following individually you may use your book or your notes:
 F=ma handout – can write on!
 MASS and WEIGHT Worksheet – can write on!
 ON YOUR OWN SHEET OF PAPER, WRITE QUESTIONS AND






ANSWERS
Page 69, 1-3, Practice Problems
Page 74, 1-5 Self Check Section Review
Page 82, 1-8 Self Check Section Review
Page 86, 1-3 Practice Problems
Page 88, 1-7 Self Check Section Review
Forces/Newton’s Laws/Mass and Weight Handout – can write on!
 SHOW ALL OF YOUR WORK – IT IS DUE FOR A GRADE BY THE
END OF THE PERIOD!!
DEMO
Please get up and move to the back of the room by
tables– WITHOUT TALKING!
Please place ALL of yourselves inside the circle –
WITHOUT TALKING!!
DO NOT ASK QUESTIONS – FOLLOW
DIRECTIONS!
BELL RINGER: MONDAY, 08/26/2013

1. Create a circle map. Motion should be in
the center circle and everything you know
about motion should be in the outer circle.
ATOMS…
Everywhere
Everything
Atoms – Elements – Molecules –
Compounds
KINETIC THEORY…
1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms,
molecules, and ions.)
2. These particles are in constant, random motion.
3. These particles are colliding with each other and
the walls of their container.
PHASES OF MATTER
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Matter can change states through heating or
cooling
PHASES OF MATTER….
DRAW ON YOUR OWN PIECE OF PAPER
Solid
Liquid
Gas
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
***3 columns, 6 rows
SOLIDS
 1. Solids have definite shape
and definite volume
 Crystalline solids –
a. Highly ordered
arrangement of particles
b. Definite melting point
c. Ex: Table sugar, salts, metals
 Amorphous solids –
a. Irregular arrangement of
particles
b. No definite melting point
c. Ex: Plastics, glass
SOLIDS…
 2. Particles are close together and may vibrate in place
 3. Very strong forces of attraction. The higher the melting
point of a substance, the stronger the forces of attraction.
 4. Solids do not diffuse measurably
 5. Crystalline solids do not flow. Amorphous solids may flow
very slowly (VERY high viscosity)
LIQUID
 1. Liquids have no definite shape
–they take the shape of their
container. They have definite
volume – they cannot be
compressed.
 2. Particles are close together
and move randomly.
 3. Strong forces of attraction
 4. Liquids diffuse slowly
 5.Viscosity ranges from low to
high
GAS
 1. Gases have no definite shape




–they take the shape of their
container. They have no definite
volume – they may be
compressed.
2. Particles are far apart and
move randomly. Gases have
1/1000 the density of liquids or
solids
3.Very weak forces of
attraction.
4. Gases diffuse rapidly
5.Very low viscosity
BEHAVIORS OF GASES
 Particles in a REAL gas…
 have their own volume
 attract each other
 Gas behavior is most ideal…
 at low pressures
 at high temperatures
 in nonpolar atoms/molecules
BEHAVIORS OF GASES
 Temperature
Always use absolute temperature (Kelvin) when working
with gases.
ºF
-459
ºC
-273
K
0
C  F  32
5
9
32
212
0
100
273
373
K = ºC + 273
BEHAVIOR OF GASES
Pressure
 Barometer
-measure atmospheric
pressure
Aneroid Barometer
Mercury Barometer
BEHAVIOR OF GASES
 Manometer
-measures contained
gas pressure
U-tube Manometer
Bourdon-tube gauge
BEHAVIORS OF GASES: PRESSURE
Key units at sea level:
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm
760 mm Hg
760 torr
14.7 psi
kPa=N
m2
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0°C
1 atm
or
273 K
01.325 kPa
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: BOYLE’S LAW
 A gas occupies 100. mL at 150. kPa. Find its volume at 200.
kPa.
Given:
V1 = 100. mL
P1 = 150. kPa
V2 = ?
P2 = 200. kPa
Work:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
(150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V2
V2 = 75.0 mL
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: BOYLE’S LAW
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: CHARLES’S LAW
V
=k
T
Volume
(mL)
Temperature
(K)
V/T
(mL/K)
40.0
44.0
47.7
51.3
273.2
298.2
323.2
348.2
0.146
0.148
0.148
0.147
V
T
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: CHARLES’S LAW
The volume and absolute temperature (K) of a gas
are directly related at constant mass & pressure
As the temperature of the gas increases, so does its
volume, and as its temperature decreases, so does
its volume.
V
=k
T
V
T
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: CHARLES’S LAW
 A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C. Find its volume at 94°C.
Given:
Work:
V1 = 473 cm3
T1 = 36°C = 309K
V2 = ?
T2 = 94°C = 367K
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
(473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)
V2 = 562 cm3
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: CHARLES’S LAW
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
P
k
T
Temperature
(K)
Pressure
(torr)
P/T
(torr/K)
248
273
298
373
691.6
760.0
828.4
1,041.2
2.79
2.78
2.78
2.79
P
T
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
 The pressure and absolute temperature (K) of a gas are
directly related at constant mass & volume.
P
k
T
P
T
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
 A gas’ pressure is 765 torr at 23°C. At what temperature
will the pressure be 560. torr?
Given:
P1 = 765 torr
T1 = 23°C = 296K
P2 = 560. torr
T2 = ?
Work:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
(765 torr)T2 = (560. torr)(309K)
T2 = 226 K = -47°C
BEHAVIOR OF GASES: GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW