Name_____________________________ Date _____________ Period _______
Final Exam Review
Biology 1 Academic
Fall 2014
Biology in the 21st century: Chapter 1 (pg 2-35)
1. Define or explain the following terms:
a. Problem b. Hypothesis c. Procedure d. Data e. Conclusion 2. Define each of the following:
a. control (set-up) group b. experimental group c. independent/manipulated variable d. dependent/responding variable e. controlled variables 3. Fill in the blanks below using the following terms:
Problem (question to be answered)
Hypothesis (educated guess before testing)
Procedure (the experiment)
Data (observations made during the experiment)
Conclusion (answer to the problem based on testing results)
______________How high do eagles nest?
______________Nest #1 measured 48 ft. off the ground. Nest #2 measured 50 ft. off the ground.
Nest #3 measured 45 ft. off the ground.
______________After measuring 3 nests, it seems they nest no more than 50 feet off the ground.
______________Eagles nest at least 75 feet up on cliffs because they have to get high enough to
escape their predators.
______________Spot a nest and climb toward it. When you reach it, start measuring with a tape
measure as you proceed down.
4. Name the variables from the experiments below:
Two groups of students were tested to compare their speed working math problems. Each group was given the
same set of problems, same light, same temperature, and same noise level. One group used calculators and the
other group computed without calculators.
Manipulated
Responding
Controlled Variables
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5. Set up data tables and read graphs in an experiment.
Complete a data table for the following investigation:
Students in a science class were asked what type of pet they have. The number of each type of pet was
recorded.
cats- 7, dogs-6, hamsters-3, hermit crabs-2, snakes-1
6. Set up a graph for the information in your data table labeling the X and Y-axes.
On which axis did you put your Independent/Manipulated Variable?
On which axis you put your Dependent/Responding Variable?
7. Certain chemicals in the diet of moth larvae seem to influence the early development of the moths' wings.
Careful observation of developing pupae could result in?
A data to verify the hypothesis
C a conclusion about the moths' eggs
B changes to the conclusion
D development of a new moth species
8. Clouds are more beautiful on winter days than on summer days. This statement is a poor hypothesis
because it is not _________________.
A a question
C observable
B testable
D a comparison
9. Biology is the study of ___________.
10. Name the 4 characteristics all living things share (in your book, pg 8-9). There are six in your notes!
a.
b.
c.
d.
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11. Define homeostasis -
SAFETY (review your safety contract and R2 in student resources)
Write the safety rule for each of the items below:
12. Hair 13. Eyes –
14. Horseplay –
15. Eating and Drinking –
16. Fire –
Remember, the most important safety rule is to follow directions!
MICROSCOPES (review microscope lab and R8 in student resources)
17. Know the parts of the microscope and when to use the fine adjustment knob
18. Fill in the blanks in the paragraph below, using the word bank provided:
Low power objective
revolving nosepiece
coarse adjustment
objective
fine adjustment
high power objective
stage clips
stage
diaphragm
First, put the slide on the
and secure it with the
. Make sure you are using the
__________ first. Use your
to bring the specimen in to initial
focus. If more light is needed, adjust the
. To see a sharper image, use the
________________. If you would like to see the image a little closer, turn the ________________ to change to the _______________. Never use the
_____________________when viewing under high power because you might break the objective
lens.
19. Describe how to solve the following problems with a microscope: What do you do if…
-Image needs focusing
-Image needs sharper focus
-Image needs more or less light
-Image needs more or less magnification
-You need to move the image you see in the lens to the left, right, up or down
-You need to determine the TOTAL magnification used in viewing an object
20. Calculate the total magnification when using the low power objective lens if your eyepiece is 10X and
your objectives are 10, 20, 40 X
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21. Label the microscope:
Chemistry of life:
Chapter 2 (pg 37-62)
Define & give an example of:
22. Chemical reaction 23. What three particles make up an atom?
24. Element 25. Molecule 26. Analogy: Monomer is to polymer as ____________ is to protein.
27. In the following equation, identify the reactants and products:
CO2 + H2O -----> H2CO3
28. Sketch a Carbon atom. Label the protons, neutrons and electrons. How many are there? What is in the
nucleus of the atom?
29. Describe the difference between ionic and covalent bonding:
30. What do you call an atom that has gained or lost electrons
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31. What is an organic molecule?
32. List the 4 organic macro molecules (biomolecules) necessary for life and explain their role/what they are
used for in the body.
a.
b.
c.
d.
33. Complete the chart on solutions below:
Substance
Definition
Saltwater Solution
Solute
Solvent
Water
34. What macromolecules have nitrogen in them? Phosphorus? Sulphur?
35. What do all enzyme names end with?
36. What is activation energy?
37. What is an enzyme?
38. Label the diagram with following:
a. Enzyme
b. Substrate
c. Active site
d. Products
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Cell structure and function: Chapter 3 (pg 69-95)
39. List the contributions of the following scientists:
Hooke Van Leeuwenhoek Schleiden 40. What is a prokaryotic cell?
41. What is a eukaryotic cell?
42. What are some of the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
43. Describe the main functions of each organelle:
Cell membrane Mitochondria Vacuole -
Chloroplasts -
Nucleus Golgi ER -
Lysosome -
Ribosome Cell WallChloroplast44. List the 3 parts of the Cell Theory.
i.
ii.
iii.
45. List 3 ways that PLANT CELLS differ from ANIMAL CELLS.
1.
2.
3.
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46. Sketch a cell membrane and mark the location and function of the following:
-Polar region
-Nonpolar region
-Phospholipid
-Channel protein
-Marker protein
-Receptor protein
Define the following terms that relate to the movement of molecules into & out of the cell:
47. Diffusion 48. Facilitated diffusion –
49. Osmosis 50. Hypotonic solution 51. Hypertonic solution 52. Isotonic solution 53. Active transport a. Exocytosis b. Endocytosis 54. Movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration is known as
_____________________.
55. What is the difference between diffusion, osmosis & facilitated diffusion?
56. what is concentration gradient?
57. Explain what will happen to the water level in side A: (increase or decrease?)
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Cell growth and division: Chapter 5 (pgs 129-159)
58. Smaller cells are more efficient at moving materials than larger cells because
59. The pictures of the stages of mitosis below are out of order. Write the letters in order of the correct
sequence. _____________________
60. Label the phases of mitosis in the pictures below. (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase/cytokinesis). Know what occurs during each phase of mitosis
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a.
b.
d.
c.
61. Why do cells go through mitosis (ie, why do you need new cells)?
62. Label the following diagram that illustrates the cell cycle.
63. What are the 3 different stages of interphase and what happens during each?
G1SG264. When can you actually see chromosomes in the cell cycle?
65. What lines up in the middle of the cell during metaphase?
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e.
66. What is a chromosome? Sister chromatid? Sketch and label a duplicated chromosome (sister chromatids,
centromere)
67. Define cancer and describe its connection to the cell cycle:
68. What is a tumor?
69. What do cyclins and kinases do during the cell cycle?
70. Why is cell sized limited to being relatively small (why don’t we have just 1 giant cell?)
71. Which surface area to volume ratio is better for a cell, 3:1 or 1:3?
72. Put the following levels of organization in the body in order from least to most complex: Tissue, cell, organ
system, organ
From Dna to proteins: Chapter 8 (215-251)
73. Label the DNA & Fill in the missing nucleotide bases
Use the following terms:
sugar
nucleotide
phosphate
bases
74. State the contributions of the following scientist to DNA
-Erwin Chargaff
-Watson and Crick
-Rosalind Franklin
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75. Name the differences between DNA & RNA:
DNA
a.
RNA
b.
c.
76. DNA is made of nucleotides. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
a.
b.
c.
77. Describe the process of DNA replication?
78. In DNA, adenine pairs with __________ and cytosine pairs with___________.
79. In RNA, adenine pairs with __________ and cytosine pairs with ____________.
80. Describe the two stages of protein synthesis:
a. Transcription -
b. Translation -
81. Define the roles of the 2 types of RNA molecules:
a. mRNA b. tRNA –
82. tRNA brings what type of molecule to the ribosome to build the protein?
83. What is a codon and in which type of RNA molecule is it found?
84. What is an anticodon and in which type of RNA molecule is it found?
85. Translation:
mRNA codons:
U U G C CA A C C G G G
tRNA anticodons:
aa sequence:
*use chart on p. 234 and mRNA sequence to find amino acid (aa) sequence
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86. Label each part of translation and explain what it is or what it does. (ribosome, RNA, codon, anticodon,
polypeptide/protein, tRNA, don’t label #27)
87. Match the anticodons that would pair up with the RNA codons shown on the messenger RNA strand below
(use the codon chart to determine the amino acid and remember the mRNA codes for amino acid, not the
tRNA):
UAC
tRNA molecule
AUU anticodon
Amino acid
GCU
UAA
GGC
AUG CGA AUU CCG UAA
88. Use the chart to find the amino acids that the strand of mRNA shown above is coding for.
mRNA strand = AUG CGA AUU CCG UAA
amino acids =
89. Describe how a frame shift mutation affects the protein being made (either from an insertion or a deletion)
Meiosis and Mendel: Chapter 6 (pg 160-189)
90. What was Gregor Mendel using pea plants to study?
91. Name and describe the division process in the following picture:
Process: _______________
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Description:
92. The final four cells in the diagram above are called gametes. What is a gamete?
93. In gametogenesis, how many egg and sperm cells are produced per meiotic division?
94. Meiosis is a form of nuclear division that creates what?
Define:
95. haploid (n)
96. diploid (2n)
97. somatic cells
98. sex cells
99. autosomes
100. sex chromosomes
101. homologous chromosomes
102. gene
103. locus
104. Dominant105. Recessive 106. Homozygous 107. Hybrid/Heterozygous 108. Phenotype 109. Genotype 110. Trait 111. Allele 112. Monohybrid crosses 113. Dihybrid crosses 114. Probability -
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115. P generation 116. F1 generation 117. F2 generation 118. If a sperm cell is haploid (n) and had 7 chromosomes, how many chromosomes does a normal diploid (2n)
somatic body cell have?
119. How many chromosomes are found in a normal human diploid cell
120. Set up a Punnett square for a normal trait; calculate percent & ratios of genotypes & phenotypes for a
Bb x Bb cross.
Use: B-brown & b-white
Genotype % Genotypic Ratio Phenotype % Phenotypic Ratio -
121. Answer the following genetics problems. Show your work.
a. Given the fact that curly (C) hair is dominant, what would be the expected genotypes of the offspring
(in percent) if a heterozygous curly haired man married a straight haired woman?
b. Two tall pea plants were crossed, 75% of the offspring were tall and 25% were short. What were the
genotypes of the parent plants?
122. What two processes in meiosis increase genetic diversity (p183-184)
123. during which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosome pair up to form tetrads?
124. During what stage do the homologous chromosomes separate?
125. During which stage of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate?
Extending Mendelian genetics: Chapter 7 (pg 190-213)
126. Multiple alleles -
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127. Codominant 128. Incomplete Dominance 129. sex-linked trait Show the genotype for a colorblind male, carrier female, and colorblind female
Why are more males affected by sex linked traits than females?
130. What is a karyotype?
Define:
131. Autosomes 132. Sex chromosomes 133. How can you determine a male from a female on a karyotype?
Male –
Female –
134. Be able to fill-in and read a Pedigree.
Define Pedigree 135. How can a karyotype be used to determine a genetic problem? Give examples of chromosomal disorders.
136. Label.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
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137. Label stages, and structures X and Y.
A.
B.
C.
D.
X=
Y=
138. Male or female? Is this child normal? If not, what genetic disorder do they have?
139. Nondisjunction causes the XXY condition in the karyotype above.
Define nondisjunction 140. What do you call the chromosome pairs in the karyotype above?
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141. Is the trait in the following pedigree dominant, recessive, or x-linked? _______________
142. Know what each shape in a pedigree means!
143. Will person #14 be affected?
YES
NO (circle one)
Pages for extra attention
6
8-9
11
16
18
38
40-41
47-50
52
55-56
71-79
81
85-86
89
130
132
135-137
141-142
147
162-171
174-178
183-184
193-197
205
207
209
220-225
229-236
244
144. Label.
Review all notes,
worksheets,
handouts, & labs.
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