A
PROJECT REPORT ON
“STUDY THE ADSL & OTHER PROBLEMS IN
BROADBAND TECHNOLOGY WITH
SOLUTIONS”
Submitted for fulfillment of Project work in
“Electronics and Communication Engineering”
For
AMIE (Institution of Engineers- India)
(Year 2014 Term MAY/JUNE)
Submitted BySuresh Chandra Pandiya
ST510455-1
Project GuideDr. Ashok Kumar Jetawat
MIE
CERTIFICATE OF PROJECT WORK
It gives me immense pleasure in certifying that the Project entitled “Study the ADSL
& Other Problems in Broadband Technology with Solutions” and submitted by
Suresh Chandra Pandiya (ST510455-1) is based on the work research carried out
under my guidance. He has completed all the requirements as per Project Work
regulations of “The Institution of Engineers (INDIA)”. No work has been done on
this project till dated.
Dr. Ashok Kumar Jetawat, MIE
Udaipur-313001
Rajasthan
Acknowledgement
I express my deep gratitude to all persons who helped me for successful completion of the
project. First of all myself is highly grateful to the Institution of Engineer, INDIA for
including in syllabus. This provides us the opportunity to work on a wonderful emerging
topic.
I would like to thanks Dr. Ashok Kumar Jetawat (Project Guide) for taking interest in my
topics. He has been source of inspiration for us throughout the project cycle & extricating me
whenever I found myself in & impasse. This project would not have been completed without
his valuable suggestion & help.
I would like to extend sincere thanks to my workplace company, Bharat Sanchar Nigam
Limited, O/o Dhariyawad, Udaipur (Raj.) for providing me such a helpful environment
during the project.
I would also like to thank Mr. Sanjay Samariya (JTO (Incharge), Dhariyawad, BSNL) and
Mr. Sunil Ji (SDE, Broadband, Udaipur, BSNL) for his valuable guidance, without which it
would not have been possible for me to complete the project work.
In making of this project I gain a lot of knowledge about various Broadband Technologies
with analyzing the problems & finding the solutions.
(Suresh Chandra Pandiya)
ST510455-1
INDEX

Title of the Project.

Introduction

Objectives of the study.

Methodology of the study.

Statement of the Problem.

Input Data/Structure/Questionnaire.

Analysis/Solution/Description.

Final Result.

Conclusion.

Scope of Future Study.

References
Title of Project
Study the ADSL & Other
Problems in Broadband
Technology with Solutions
Introduction
Advances in telecommunications and data technology are creating new opportunities for
countries, businesses and individuals—just as the Industrial Revolution changed fortunes
around the world. The new economy is defining how people do business, communication,
shop, have fun, learn, and live on a global basis—connecting everyone to everything. This
evolution of Internet has come into existence & Internet service is expanding rapidly.
However, technological advances promise big increases in access speeds, enabling public
networks to play a major role in delivering new and improved telecommunications services
and applications to consumers. The Internet and the network congestion that followed, has led
people to focus both on the first and last mile as well as on creating a different network
infrastructure to avoid the network congestion and access problems
A historic opportunity awaits the communication industry in the years ahead – a chance to
connect most of the world using wireless and wire line technologies. Broadband connections
will be available just about anywhere in the world, across developed and growth markets. But
it will take more extensive use of wireless access and new wire line installations with
improved performance to offer true broadband connectivity. The ADSL technology is most
used broadband technology in India which gives a best internet speed to the consumer’s home.
Objective of the Study
The study of this project describes the introduction about the xDSL Broadband technologies,
their types, problems faced and their solutions. The Internet is very necessary and important
part of our life. The Broadband is a very high speed internet technology. The Internet or
Broadband connects us to the world; by it we can connect & communicate to anywhere in the
world as like as we are sitting in front of them.
The objective of study is to cover the following points as stated below  Study of various DSL Broadband Technologies.
 Study and analyze various ADSL& other problems in Broadband technology.
 Give solutions and suggestions to remove the Broadband problems.
All the points mentioned above will describe the whole scenario of the projects in all the
aspects based on the conditions of utilities. In this we will know broadband problems and their
possible solutions.
Methodology of Study
The methodology of this study describes about the process or the methods which we will
follow to complete the study.
Study of DSL Broadband Technology
The first step of this project is to study about various DSL Broadband Technologies. This will
describe the basic idea of the technologies which are used in providing the internet to the
consumers.
Study of ADSL & other problems in Broadband Technology
The second step of method is to search and investigate about all the problems in broadband
technologies. This will include the main ADSL broadband problems and also include the other
problems in broadband technologies. If we understand the problems and also understand the
technical aspects of them, then we can find much better and easy solutions of problems.
Analysis of working environment
In this step we will see the actual environment where this technology used and analyze and
understand the working structure which was installed to serve this technology to the
consumers. Also we understand the broadband structure in India and know how internet works
from customer to internet server.
Analysis of problems with the help of data collection
Here we will analysis Broadband services; analyze the problems with the help of some logics,
knowledge and practical working.

Simulation method of broadband provision

Working principals of software & BB modems

Discuss with technical team
Problem solving activities
After identification of the problem the problem solving session will start. In this session we
will discuss the problems with technical engineer and experts or we will do the brainstorming
session with all technical staff. If some web based help is required, we do so with help of
various search engines. The list of activities involve in problem solving are

Discuss with technical engineer or expert.

Web search engines - Google and Wikipedia and blogs.

Brain storming section.
By these we can understand the problems in better way and get better solutions.
Re-verification of the problem
After getting the solutions, these will be implemented in working method of installation or
provision of broadband. Now the solutions were re-verified by applying them in practical
aspects. The main activities involves are discussion, Feedback & implementation.
What is Broadband?
A definition to broadband is a must as different service providers defines in their own terms &
context. TRAI (Telecommunication Regulatory Authority of India) defines broadband as
follows:An ‘always-on’ data connection that is able to support interactive services including Internet
access and has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256 kilobits per second
(kbps) to an individual subscriber from the Point of Presence (POP) of the service provider
intending to provide Broadband service. [02]
Where multiple or such individual Broadband connections are aggregated and the subscriber is
able to access these interactive services including the Internet through this POP. Broadband is
always on. It does not block phone lines and there is no need to reconnect to network after
logging off. The interactive services will exclude any services for which a separate license is
specifically required, for example, real-time voice transmission, except to the extent that it is
presently permitted under ISP license with Internet Telephony.
NEED OF BROADBAND
The Broadband is very necessary in present days, not only in business purposes but also in
many other activities as communication, research, entertainment, medical etc. The efficiency
of work and the speed of work is much increase by the use of Broadband.
PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: - The use of Broadband is much greater in the professional
activities. The professionals use Broadband in communication, home business, audio and
video conferencing to save the time and money. The following are main professional
activities1.
2.
3.
4.
Telecommuting
Video Conferencing
Home Based Business
Home Office
ENTERTAINMENT ACTIVITIES: - The level of entertainment is gone to beyond by the use
of Broadband. It is used in online gaming, chatting, surfing etc. The Broadband reduces the
use of mobile SMS, calling etc. The following are the main entertainment activities1. Web surfing
2. Video on Demand
3. Video Games
CONSUMER ACTIVITIES: - The main advantage of Broadband is use in consumer activities
which resolves many problems of consumer in study, communication, medical etc. The main
consumer activities are as follows1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Telemedicine
Distance learning
Information gathering
Photography
Video conferencing among family and friends
I describe here only very short use of Broadband. The activities describe above are mostly
used activities among people. A fast internet or Broadband connection is increasingly viewed
as a vital utility and need at work and home – its kind of the electricity of the 21st century.
The internet offers an almost infinite range of opportunities for social interaction.
Broadband Access (Classification)
Broadband access technology is broadly classified into two categories. They are Wired Line &
Wireless and further classified as detailed in the following diagram [1].
Broadband Access
Wire line
Technologies
Wireless
DSL (Digital Sub’s Line)
3G Mobile
Cable Modem
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
PLC (Power Line)
WiMAX
Communication)
Optical
Fiber Technologies
FSO (Free Space Optics)
LMDS & MMDS
Satellite
Figure: - (1) Broadband Classification, Source- www.alttc.bsnl.co.in
The above figure shows about all the broadband technologies used in this world. These are
mainly classified in wireless and wire line and further classified in many technologies. Some
of them are used in India. In India mostly the DSL, 3G, OFC and WiMAX are used.
1. WIRED LINE TECHNOLOGIES
The Wired line Broadband technology is that in which Broadband or internet is provided
through any guided physical line. The physical line may be specified as copper twisted wire,
optical fiber cable, power line cable etc. All are used as path for internet data which are
transmitted or received by consumer. Many technologies incorporate with wired line
broadband technology as shown in diagram (1). I am describing the DSL wired line
technology in this project which is as follows-
A. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
DSL uses the existing twisted-pair telephone lines to access media for internet. Over a period
of time, a number of technologies (xDSL) have been introduced to provide faster data speeds
over this medium. The various xDSL technologies are given as ADSL, VDSL, RADSL,
HDSL, and SDSL. All have their special characteristics in the range of speed in downloading
and uploading.
Roughly, xDSL standards can be divided into the following three groups: I. Symmetric DSL – The symmetric DSL provides the same data rate for upstream and
downstream transmissions. It used where data uploading is greater and similar use for data
downloading. This DSL technology has three types which are define according to the bit rate
provided. The highest bit rate is 4.6 Mbps which provide in SHDSL technology. The
following table (1) gives the information about maximum upstream and downstream rate with
the maximum local length of wire possible for that.
DSL Variant
HDSL – High data rate
Digital Subscriber Line
SDSL – Symmetric Digital
Subscriber Line
SHDSL – Symmetric High
bit rate Digital Subscriber
Line
Max Up/Downstream Rate
Max local loop
wire length
1.5 Mbps / 1.5 Mbps
3.7 km
2.3 Mbps / 2.3 Mbps
3.0 km
4.6 Mbps / 4.6 Mbps
5.0 km
Table: - (1) Symmetric DSL Variant with Up/Down stream rate and local wire length
Source- http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-4766EN.pdf
II. Asymmetric DSL – The Asymmetric DSL technology provides higher downstream data
rate then upstream data transmission rates. This technology used mainly in higher data
downloading and very short use of data uploading. Most home consumers are using this
technology for downloading data, movies, songs etc. This technology have following types
which shown in table (2): -
DSL Variant
ADSL – Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line
ADSL Lite – Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line
ADSL (2) – Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line
ADSL (2+) – Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line 2+
ADSL (2++) or ADSL 4 –
Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line 2++
Max Up/Downstream Rate
Max local loop
wire length
1.0 Mbps / 10 Mbps
5.5 km
384 Kbps / 1.5 Mbps
5.5 km
1.0 Mbps / 12 Mbps
5.5 km
1.0 Mbps / 20 Mbps
5.5 km
52 Mbps over short distances
Developing
technology
Table: - (2) Asymmetric DSL Variant with Up/Down stream rate and local wire length
Source- http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-4766EN.pdf
III. Symmetric and Asymmetric DSL – The Symmetric and Asymmetric DSL technology
can transmit data both symmetrically and asymmetrically and includes the following type
shown in table (3):
DSL Variant
VDSL – Very High bit rate
Digital Subscriber Line
VDSL 2 – Very High bit
rate Digital Subscriber Line
Max Up/Downstream Rate
10 Mbps / 10 Mbps symmetric
1.5 Mbps / 52 Mbps asymmetric
100 Mbps / 100 Mbps
symmetric
Max local loop
wire length
0.3 km – 1.3 km
0.5 km
Table: - (3) Symmetric and Asymmetric DSL Variant with Up/Down stream rate and local
wire length, Source- http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-4766EN.pdf
The DSL technology has various variant which are classified according to their upload and
download characteristics. The Symmetric DSL gives symmetry in download and upload data
rate and the Asymmetric DSL technology gives asymmetry in upload and download data
stream rate which can also be defined as required by consumer for his specific use.
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications
technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a
conventional modem can provide to consumers. ADSL has the distinguishing characteristic
that the data can flow faster in one direction (used for download streaming) than the other
(used for upload streaming) i.e., asymmetrically.
WHY ADSL?
ADSL is in place used due to both technical and marketing reasons in India. On the technical
side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM (Digital Subscriber
Line Access Multiplex) end (where the wires from many local loops are close together) than at
the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest, while the download signal is
strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. The DSLAM aggregates all the lines of
customer and splits data and voice signals. Then it connect customer to the BBRAS and
internet servers.
The various forms of digital subscriber line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense that
digital information is sent on multiple channels. Each channel has higher frequency than
the baseband voice channel, so it can support plain old telephone service on a single pair of
copper wires at the same time. We can use both voice service and data service at the same
time.
HOW ADSL WORKS?
To obtain the asymmetrical data transfer to suit requirement of Internet and LAN access, the
ADSL signal firstly splitting the available bandwidth on the twisted copper wire (telephone
wires) into three different channels:
A high speed downstream channel (ranges from 1.5 to 8 Mbps).
A medium speed upstream channel (ranges from 16 kbps to 1 Mbps).
POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) channel.
ADSL used two separate frequency bands. The band from 25.875 kHz to 138 kHz is used for
upstream communication, while 138 kHz - 1104 kHz is used for downstream
communication this shows in following diagram (5)
Frequency plan for ADSL
Figure: - (2) Source- www.alttc.bsnl.co.in
Firstly the POTS channel is splits off from the digital modem by filter unit. After the POTS
channels are splits from the digital data transfer bandwidth, the 26 kHz to 1.1 MHz is data
bandwidth.
Common Elements in ADSL: - The common elements of ADSL are CPE, DSL modem,
POTS splitter, DSLAM, Aggregator, PSTN, and MDF etc. The connectivity diagram of all is
shown in figure (3) which shows all the basic elements used in ADSL technology.
CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) containing a Splitter (which splits the voice and data), a
PC & ADSL Modem (which connects consumer to DSLAM).
Central Office Premises is containing equipments DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplex), MDF & PSTN. MDF is a frame where both voice and data line coming and
combined signal is gone to local copper line towards the customer.
Aggregator and ATM core consists of Tier II, Tier I switches, BRAS (Broad Band Remote
access Service), Servers and Core routers.
Figure: - (3) Elements in ADSL, Source - Training.bsnl.co.in
Factors Determining ADSL Connectivity: The distance from the DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplex) to the customer
end effects on data rate. More the distance, data rate will reduce. Signal attenuation and SNR
(Signal to Noise Ratio) are defining characteristics, and can vary completely independently of
distance (e.g., non-copper cabling, cable diameter) as shown in table (4).
Data Rate - Wire Size – Distance
Data Rate
Wire Size
Distance
1.5-2.0 Mbps
0.5 mm
18000 Feet
5.5 Kms
1.5-2.0 Mbps
0.4 mm
15000 Feet
4.6 Kms
6.1 Mbps
0.5 mm
12000 Feet
3.7 Kms
6.1 Mbps
0.4 mm
9000 Feet
2.7 Kms
Table: - (4) Data Rate, Wire Size and Distance
Source - Training.bsnl.co.in
Figure: - (4) ADSL Broadband Router
Source- http://www.slideshare.net
The ADSL technology is the basic technology in India to use Broadband or high speed
internet and provided by the BSNL. BSNL also provide Broadband service to the rural area
and take part in social improvement of rural people. The ADSL Broadband router as shown in
figure (4) has various LED indication on the front side. The main LED’s are known as
POWER, ADSL or LINK, INET or Internet, LAN 1/2/3/4, WLAN etc. All have their specific
characteristic. The ADSL or LINK LED gives indication about connectivity between DSLAM
and Router and the INET shows connectivity to internet server or DNS server. The LAN
1/2/3/4 is used to show connection to PC from modem or router and WLAN shows that the
Wi-Fi or wireless is working.
Broadband Technology Network Architecture
The broadband network of BSNL (Deploy under the project “National Internet Backbone-II”)
comprises the managed MPLS backbone and the broadband access. This backbone network
carries broadband and narrowband Internet traffic, content based service traffic, Virtual Private
Network (VPN) traffic, IP TAX traffic, etc. The MPLS backbone has two layers the CORE & the
EDGE networks. The CORE network that comprises the routers connected with the high speed
STM - 16 transmission links whereas the EDGE network comprises the EDGE routers connected
to the CORE routers through the Gigabit Ethernet or STM-16 links. This layer aggregates
customer traffic, enforces QOS (Quality of Service) and extends managed access to the customer.
This layer provides the customer access through three mechanisms: (a) Dialup, (b) Dedicated
access, and (c) Broadband access. NIB-II is a mission to build world-class infrastructure that will
help accelerate the Internet revolution in India.
NIB II Project details
Project Name
Description
Project 1
MPLS based IP Infrastructure
Project 2.1
Narrowband Access (Dialup Remote Access)
Project 2.2
Broadband Access (DSL Access)
Project 3
Messaging, Storage, Provisioning, Billing, Security, Order
Management, Enterprise Management, AAA, Help Desk and
Inventory Management.
Table: - (5) NIB-II Project detail,
Source - Training.bsnl.co.in
NIB-II Layout
In India the Broadband service is provided by BSNL by NIB-II (National Internet Backbone)
project. The BSNL NIB-II network is primarily designed to be a Carrier Grade high speed
IP/MPLS network. The NIB-II layout for the A1 cities is shown in figure (5) which include
Core router, STM-1, STM-16, BBRAS, Edge router and DSLAM etc. All customers are
connected to core routers through many connectivity solutions. B1 or B2 cities are connected
to core router through STM-1 which collects all PCM signals and send it to the core router in
A1 city. This router is connected to internet by connecting International Gateway Router. The
NIB-II Layer-1 core network (A1, A2 and A3) constitutes high speed Backbone (STM-16)
that comprise of fully or partially meshed Core routers.
Figure: - (5) NIB-II general layout,
Source - 210.212.176.210/nib/nib_mpls_mumbai2.pdf
The NIB-II services platform consisting of messaging, Provisioning, billing, customer care,
enterprise management system and Data centres. It gives Integration with Narrowband and
Broadband RAS Projects. The network is capable of on-line measurement and monitoring of
network parameters such as latency, packet loss, jitter and availability so as to support SLAs
with customers. It provides a diversified range of Internet access services including support
for VPN (Layer-2, Layer-3 and Dialup and Broadband services).
COMPONENTS OF BROADBAND ACCESS NETWORK
The Broadband access network comprises many components or elements to give service at the
end of customer premises. The major elements which are used in Broadband access network
are Broad band Remote Access Server (BBRAS), Gigabit and Fast Ethernet Aggregation
Switches (LAN Switches), Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs),
SSSS/SSSC (Subscriber Service Selection System/ Centre), Servers for AAA, LDAP at
NOC, Provisioning and configuration management at NOC and DSLCPEs. These all are used
to perform special work.
In this the main elements are DSLAM and BBRAS which are describe below: DSLAM: -
DSLAM called as DSL Access Multiplexer which has a built in splitter which
splits voice and data signal. While voice follows the normal conventional path through
exchange, data is aggregated and up linked through Ethernet Port (Gigabit Ethernet for 480
ports and Fast Ethernet for lower DSLAM). The 240 ports DSLAM will have two number of
FE interface. The GBIC or FX module in DSLAM and LAN switch should be capable of
driving up to 10 km on a single mode fiber. The DSLAMs will be connected to the nearest
BBRAS of ‘A’ cities on Ethernet over SDH. The example of DSLAM (NSN) unit shows in
figure (10) which shows Ethernet ports & MDF cables.
Figure: - (6) DSLAM (Nokia and Siemens, NSN)
Source- http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-4766EN.pdf
BBRAS: - BRAS called as Broadband Remote Access Server which is First intelligent device
in the whole chain of broadband. It terminates the customer session, authenticates, a lot IP
addresses and keeps track of user session for billing.
The SX or GBIC module in LAN Switch used for connecting Tier2 to Tier1 will support
40km. The BRAS shall terminate the PPP sessions initiated by the customer and extend the
connection further to MPLS VPN/ Internet as desired by the customer. In bigger cities like
A1, A2, A3 and A4, one BBRAS per city will be deployed initially.
Typical setup and connection procedures
On the customer side, the DSL Transceiver, or ATU-R, or more commonly known as a DSL
modem, is hooked up to a phone line of copper. The telephone company or central office
connects the other end of the line to the DSLAM, which concentrates a large number of
individual DSL connections into a single cabinet. The DSLAM cannot be located too far from
the user because of attenuation, the loss of data due to the large amount of electrical resistance
encountered as the data moves between the DSLAM and the user's ADSL modem.
When the DSL modem powers up it goes through a sync procedure. The actual process
generally involves the following steps:
1. The DSL transceiver performs a self-test. At startup it checks all the LED’s and ports.
After boot up it shows power LED first.
2. The DSL transceiver checks the connection between the DSL transceiver and the
computer. For residential variations of DSL, this is usually the Ethernet (RJ-45) port
or a USB port. Also, some variations of DSL (such as SDSL) use synchronous serial
connections.
3. The DSL transceiver then attempts to synchronize with the DSLAM. Data can only
come into the computer when the DSLAM and the modem are synchronized. The
process of synchronization is relatively quick (in the range of seconds) but is very
complex, involving extensive tests that allow both sides of the connection to optimize
the performance according to the characteristics of the line in use.
During synchronization the light (labeled by "CD", "DSL", or "LINK") flashes; when
synchronized, the light stays lit, usually with a green color.
Brief Functions of DSL Components:
There are various components are used to connect consumer to internet server. The major
components are DSL CPE, LAN switch, SSSS, RADIUS, LDAP, Provisioning etc. All the
components are described belowDSL CPEs1: At customer premises it connects telephone cable coming from exchange. At
another end, it connects to PC through Ethernet and Telephone through RJ-45 connector. It
splits the incoming signal in the voice and data signals.
LAN Switch: The LAN switches are used for aggregating multiple DSLAM and providing a
common uplink.
SSSS2: This is called as Subscriber Service Selection System. When customer logs in he will
be welcome with this customized screen from where he can select various range of services. It
provides on demand service without manual intervention.
RADIUS: This in conjunction with BRAS authenticates customer, upload customer profile in
the SSSS and keeps track of billing.
LDAP3: It is a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol which is use to store customer’s
database via username, password and the default services that it can subscribe to. All the
information of user is stored in it.
1
Digital Subscriber line customer premises equipment.
Subscriber Service Selection System
3
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
2
Provisioning: This is the most critical components for ensuring quick delivery of service. It
ensures end-to-end provisioning of service right from DSL CPEs to DSLAM to Switch to
BRAS to LDAP.
The described elements are major elements which are used to give internet data to the
consumer at his home point and connect consumer to the world. So the consumer can
communicate, access data or send information, videos etc. to anywhere in the world.
Path taken by data to DSLAM
The DSLAM equipment at the telephone company collects the data from its many modem
ports and aggregates their voice and data traffic into one complex composite "signal" via
multiplexing
them.
The
aggregated
traffic
is
then directed
to
a company’s
backbone switch, through an access network (AN) also called a Network Service Provider
(NSP) at up to 10 G bit/s data rates.
The DSLAM traffic is switched to a Broadband Remote Access Server where the end
user traffic is then routed across the ISP network to the Internet. The broadband remote access
server (BRAS) routes traffic to and from broadband remote access devices such as digital
subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAM) on an Internet service provider's (ISP) network.
1. Customer premises: DSL modem terminating the ADSL, SHDSL or VDSL circuit
and providing LAN interface to single computer or LAN segment.
2. Local loop: The telephone company wires from a customer to company' central office
or to a Serving area interface, often called the "last mile" (LM).
3. Central Office (CO): Main Distribution Frame (MDF): a wiring rack that connects
outside subscriber lines with internal lines.
XDSL filters: DSL filters are used in the Central Office (CO) to split voice from data signals.
DSLAM: The DSLAM port where the subscriber local loop is connected converts analog
electrical signals to data traffic (upstream traffic for data upload) and data traffic to analog
electrical signals (downstream for data download).
Internet Router (Modem): A router is a device that forwards data packets across computer
networks. The Router performs the data "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. The
router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks. When data comes in on
one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate
destination. The router shown in figure (7)
Figure: - (7) A router (MODEM) is showing the ADSL line and ETHERNET
cable connections. Source- http://www.slideshare.net
The Router is the main unit which directed the data to the destination point. The router or
MODEM connects both ends, consumer PC and central office DSLAM. The DSLAM is
connected to the BRAS and DNS server through optical fiber connectivity which gives very
fast connectivity to destination. The above process shows the path of data till destination.
BROADBAND PROBLEMS, ANALYSIS AND SOLUTIONS
There are many problems occur in the Broadband technology. Some problem comes at
customer end and also some at the provider end. We all know that perfection is not possible in
any technology. This ADSL technology incorporates with consumers so the problems
occurrences are very high due to lack of awareness to the technology and use.
1. DSL disconnects when I answer the phone…
Reason: - This is a symptom of bad internal wiring, or problems with filters, splitter or
sockets. It also came when signal is influenced by any high magnetic or electrical signals.
Another possibility is an MTU on the line. An MTU is a Maintenance Test Unit.
Solution: - You can have told your phone company to do a copper line check and they should
be able to determine what is the cause and approximately where it is located. Then they will
solve this problem.
2. Web-sites seem slow on initial connect…
Reason: - The usual reason to this is DNS problem, or some problem with name resolution.
Solution: - When you give the name of a website, your PC must communicate to a DNS
server to reach it to an actual IP address. If your ISP is having DNS server difficulties, this
resolution process may take time. If DNS server shows very slow response, and consistently
so, then contact your ISP to ask them to investigate and solve it.
Another source of slow DNS queries is how your PC may be resolving the location (IP
address) of the web address which you enter. You can use the NSLOOKUP command from a
command line window to test name resolution speed. Take a website that you have never
visited then type 'nslookup name.of.site.com'. The delay before the IP address of that site is
returned should be no more than a few seconds. If the delay is consistently much longer for
new sites than these estimates, your PC may be trying to locate the name of the site via several
methods before your ISP DNS server is queried.
3. Getting Error 650... What should I do?
Reason: - Some system components hanged. Try "power-cycling”...
Solution:  Shut down your computer.
 Unplug the modem from the USB slot, and unplug the phone line from the modem.
 Wait about 2-5 minutes.
 Plug everything back up, and restart your computer.
 Reconnect, and everything should run smoothly again.
4. Why do download start FAST, then slow down?
Reason: - Actually, they're not really slowing down. After you click on the download button,
the download begins while you're typing in the file name. A considerable amount of data will
be saved before the download speeds start. That's why it seems to be zipping along at first.
After the buffer has caught up, it will then start showing your true download speed. Speed will
also fluctuate as the servers that you're downloading from get busy, and you'll get speeds
going up and down a little.
Solution: -It is important to make sure your computer is optimized for speed use. Be sure to
check out DSL Reports Tweak Tools to help you tweak your speeds.
5. Why does modem take so long to sync with the CO?
Reasons for slow sync with the CO:
1. Telephone surge suppressor in the circuit between the modem and the phone jack,
such as those found on a UPS or power strip.
2. No micro filter installed between phones and the company line.
3. Poor line quality.
4. Problem with modem in CO.
To troubleshoot slow sync problem, follow these steps:
1. Disconnect all phones and other equipment from your phone jacks.
2. Make sure that the phone line connection to the modem is direct.
3. Power up the modem. It should sync with the CO within 5 minutes.
4. If it still won't sync, call your ISP to report the problem. There could be a problem
with your line.
Once your sync time is OK, plug in each of the phones or other equipment one at a time and
check modem sync by power cycling your modem.
6. I lose line Sync regularly…
Reasons: 
The local copper wire line is noisy.

A faulty modem installed.

A line card problem at the CO DSLAM.
Solution: -If the problem is regular you should investigate whether or not local line
interference is the root cause. This could be: street lights going on, local transmitting towers of
any kind, lights or electrical devices in or around the home that are possibly routed near your
inside wiring. If you suspect for modem malfunction, check for heating. Replace the modem if
you can possible. If it is an internal modem, change slots and try running with minimum other
internal cards. (Remove SCSI cards, SoundBlaster cards and so on). This is to verify that the
root cause is not a plain old Windows hardware conflict problem.
If all else fails, it may be a marginal card in the CO DSLAM that is causing your line
problems. Suggest (although this might be ignored) that the DSLAM card be re-seated, or that
you be swapped to another card.
The problems described here are the major problems which are faced by consumer
occasionally. These are not a big problems but lack of awareness makes them big. I tried my
best to describe them and give easy solutions to solve them. The above description of
problems and solutions make awareness and give path to solve other and new problems which
may face by consumers.
What can I do to get better performance out of my DSL connection?
We expect our DSL provider to bring us a better connection when often we have made little or
no such effort on our own end. The DSL provider gives connection proper but there are many
reasons which can affect our DSL. They can disturb or attenuate the DSL signal. Due to this
the ADSL LED of Modem cannot stable and connectivity to the DNS server cannot possible.
The following questions can describe the major reasons which can affect the DSL signalDo you have a POTS splitter?
Please keep in mind that the device you plug into your phone jacks all over your house are not
POTS "Plain Old Telephone Service" splitters but filters. On one side of the POTS splitter is
DSL and the other side is POTS or voice this keeps the DSL signal from running in all of your
other. A POTS splitter goes inside of or next to your SNI/NID which is usually a gray or black
box located outside where your phone line comes into your house.
Do you have a dedicated or "home run" line?
Dedicated or "home run" means that the line for your DSL runs from the SNI/NID to the wall
jack (LJU) or interface for your DSL modem and it is best to have no other devices installed
on this line.
Always remember these important rules while routing any CAT5 cable:
The basic rules should be remembered by us when we are using CAT5 cable to connect PC to
router or MODEM. Some of the basic rules are stated below-
1. Never stretch your CAT5 cable.
2. Always keep CAT5 cable at least six inches away from ANY other cables. This is
very important for electrical cables as this will cause more noise.
3. Never un-twist the pair any more than one half of an inch, one quarter of an inch is
even better if you can get it connected.
4. If you have to cross other cables do so at a ninety degree angle.
5. Never crush or kink your CAT5 cable. This includes stapling your CAT5 cable. Use
hangers for such purposes which you can get from radio shack or staple wire ties.
6. Make sure you don't run your CAT5 into a spike or surge protection device as there
are sometimes problems with these.
Are your settings are correct?
Your MTU "maximum transmission unit" and RCVWINDOW "receive window" are the most
important but you should not ignore the rest point. If you are not getting one hundred percent
transfer efficiency on the DSL-Reports tweak test it is probably your settings were wrong. I
usually obtain best results with an MTU of 1492 and an RCVWIN of 65535.
Do you have noise on your line?
If you have noise on your line it may be RF interference, electrical interference which can
attenuate the signals of data sent to the customer or uploading data. These can be reduced by
separating the line from interference line minimum 6 inch away.
From the study of this point we can understand that the main reason of bad DSL signal is poor
line connection in which line is affected by any interference as electricity, EM field etc. The
solution of them is to put lines away from the interference source.
The Main DSL ERRORS, Reasons and Solutions
Though it is a very vast topic but I will touch all the frequent coming error codes. I will take
the error codes not according to ascending/ descending order, but according to frequency of
error occurrence to the customers.
I. ERROR 678: "The remote computer did not respond"
Reason:
1.
Wrong connections at broadband CPE.
2.
LAN card of PC may be disabled.
3.
PC Ethernet card (LAN card) or port fault/ Driver corrupted.
4.
Local Line problem between your end and POP of Internet Service Provider.
5.
Modem fault or Modem Configuration Fault.
6.
Voice and Data Splitter at your end may be faulty.
7.
Server down or due to higher network element faults at ISP.
8.
Spy ware is running on computer and is interfering connection.
9.
Third-party firewall software is blocking the connection.
Solution:
Please follow instructions step-by-step to solve this error:
1. Check whether ADSL/ DSL/ Link light of your modem is stable glowing or not. If it is
Stable, then take a ping test from your PC to the modem.
Procedure for PING Test: start-> run, Then type “ping 192.168.1.1 –t” and press enter.
If reply is ok and gives reply times in few ‘ms’ then check the modem configurations. If
reply is not ok (i.e. Destination host unreachable or request time out), then LAN card or
Ethernet Driver or modem is faulty. So, you should check your modem in another PC.
2. If ADSL/ DSL/ Link light of your modem is not stable means either blinking or not
coming. First of all check your CPE (i.e. Modem, Splitters, Phone Jack etc.), Physical
connections, whether all are connected perfectly or not. If all is ok, then bypass the Splitter
box and directly terminate the line cable to your modem line port, it should work if your
splitter is faulty. Still your Link light is not stable then you should lodge a complaint to
BSNL office or through online complain Portal to solve it.
II. ERROR 769: “The specified destination is not reachable”
Reason: Mostly due to LAN port disabled.
Solution: Enable the LAN port (or Local Area Connection) in your PC.
Procedure: In XP - Start->control panel->network connection->right click on local area
connection->enable.
In Window7 - Start->Control Panel->Network and Internet->Network and Sharing Center>Change adapter settings->right click on local area connection->enable.
III.
ERROR 691: “Access was denied because the user name and/or password was
invalid on the domain”
Reason:
1. Incorrect entered User name or password, or Spelling error.
2. Due to forget of user password.
3. Due to wrong port binding by ISP.
4. Due to authentication problem in AAA server of ISP.
Solution:
1. Check spelling of User name & password entered.
2. Check Caps Lock Key.
3. Ask BSNL office for password reset.
IV. ERROR 676: “The phone line is busy”
Reason: This error occurs due to Modem Configuration problem.
Solution: The following solutions can possible1.
Restart the MODEM, it may solve the problem.
2.
Reconfigure the modem with correct value of VPI/ VCI.
V. ERROR: 619- “The remote computer did not respond and port was closed”
Reason: The following are the reasons for this problem occurring: 1. It occurs when another application or process requires the same port as being used by
the broadband / internet modem.
2. Due to corrupted Modem USB driver (If using).
3. Due to Registry Problem in PC.
4. You may have installed a router and is causing you some issues with connectivity.
Solution: Following are the solutions of above problems: 1. Most of the time, when you restart your system it automatically resolved.
2. Fix your System registry problem by using registry cleaning software.
3. Uninstall and reinstall your Broadband modem USB driver.
VI. ERROR 651: “Your modem (or other connecting device) has reported an error…”
Reason: -This error comes mainly on Windows 7 OS. This problem is due to problem in
windows 7 files mainly with PPPoE driver file raspppoe.sys which is corrupted or not found
or not supported.
Solution: The following solutions can possible for above problem1. Replace the raspppoe.sys in Windows/System32/Drivers directory. (High Risk!): The
RAS PPPoE driver file “raspppoe.sys” found under c:\windows \system32\drivers
folder seems to be the root cause of the problem. You may download raspppoe.sys file
(unzip) from http://www.windowsreference.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/05/raspppoe.zip
2. Restore the Windows System in back date may solve the problems.
3. Uninstall Microsoft Virtual PC 2007; the problem seems to be fixed.
4. Disable TCP IPv6 for your connection source.
5. Reinstall LAN/NIC drivers in system.
6. Last but most easy solution is to change the modem configuration from Bridge to
PPPoE.
These are the available solutions for above causes defining the error.
VII. Error 815: “Error connecting broadband connection WAN Miniport (PPPOE)”
Reason: This error comes especially on Windows Vista System and as per my practical
experience it is due to LAN driver problem or IP related issues. One more reason may be
registry Problem. Sometimes the LAN driver cannot detect the port or conflict came in IP
settings of Local Area Network.
Solution:
1. Login with your admin account in PC and verify IP address given in the Local area
connection’s properties.
2. Uninstall and reinstall your LAN driver in PC.
3. Fix your System registry problem with registry cleaning software. Much software
available on internet free of cost like CCLEANER for cleaning the registry.
VIII. Error 718: “Timed out waiting for a valid response from the remote PPP Peer”
Reason:
1. A problem with the servers at the BSNL (This problem occurs if loading is high on the
system and number of customers exceeds the traffic handling capacity of system or
bandwidth is full).
2. The wrong username and or password were entered when connecting.
3. The modem may need initialization string to stabilize its operation.
Solution:
1. Reboot the modem or off and on the modem.
2. Make sure that the username and or password entered is correct.
3. If problem still not solve, contact to service provider and make a complaint to BSNL
regarding this.
IX. Error 650: “The Remote access server is not responding…”
Reason: This error occur if the ISP server Modem/equipment is not setup properly or the DNS
server IP wrong entered.
Solution:
1. After receiving this error, wait for 15 minutes and then restart your computer.
2. If u receives same error, check with your service provider for Network Outage which
required some hours so you may need to be patient.
3. If there is no network outage, the problem may originate from computer. In this case
recreate your connection and if this fails to resolve the problem, uninstall and reinstall
broadband modem.
X. Error 721: “Remote PPP peer is not responding…”
Reason: There is a problem with the remote PPP; the PPP server resides with the Internet. It is
caused by a problem with the Internet service provider. This error may be caused by modem
connections, ADSL cables and/or broadband filters. Wrong PC settings, update/ uninstall
drivers also cause this.
Solutions:
1. Checking the ISP’s service status before checking other possible causes.
2. Check all connections. Shut down both modem and PC and to wait 5-10 minutes
before restarting them.
3. Reboot the PC and reinstall modem drivers into PC.
The Errors which described here are not covering all the errors but describe major errors
which occur faced by consumers normally. The PC shows the errors when we use the router or
MODEM in the bridge mode specified in the programming of router. The PPPoE mode gives
always ON connection of broadband in which error no does not show and understand by the
knowledge or awareness of use.
Broadband IP Addresses used for LAN Settings in PC>>>
Following IP addresses should be used if Modem is provided by BSNL: 



IP Address: - 192.168.1.2 to 250 (may be given 2,3, 4,...... 249, 250)
Subnet Mask: - 255.255.255.0
Default gateway: - 192.168.1.1
Default DNS Address: - 192.168.1.1, 218.248.255.147, 218.248.255.196
Broadband Utilities: - The following table (figure-12) shows various utilities which may be
very helpful to those customers who are using the ADSL broadband of BSNL: -
Description
Remedy
Log in to Broadband, Go to
The Web Registration for

http://bbusage.bsnl.in.
Broadband Usage Alerts of your

http://10.240.43.216 and http://10.241.32.195
BSNL Broadband connection is

http://data.bsnl.in
available at
Click on Service Record. Details of the current month
usage and previous month will be shown.
1. Click on Service Record.
2. Click on 'change password', give 'Old password',
To change password
'New password' and confirm. Password will be
changed.
Table: - (6) Broadband Utilities, Source-Training.bsnl.co.in
Advantages of Broadband
The Broadband is a faster medium to get access to the Internet as compared to the dial-up. It is
fast in terms of data transfer, upload, and download, and the connectivity is much better with
files, images, and data being transmitted much faster. The main resources, services, and
products included here, but are not limited to.
1. Education, Culture, & Entertainment
Broadband can overcome geographical and financial barriers to provide access to a wide range
of educational, cultural, and recreational opportunities and resources.
2. Tele health & Telemedicine
Broadband can facilitate provision of medical care to no served and underserved populations
through remote diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and consultations with specialists.
3. Economic Development/E-Commerce
Broadband can promote economic development and revitalization through electronic
commerce (e-commerce) by:

Creating new jobs and attracting new industries.

Providing access to regional, national, and worldwide markets.
4. Electronic Government (E-Government)
Electronic government can help streamline people’s interaction with government agencies,
and provide information about government policies, procedures, benefits, and programs.
5. Public Safety and Homeland Security
Broadband can help protect the public by facilitating and promoting public safety information
and procedures, including, but not limited to:
o
Early warning/public alert systems and disaster preparation programs.
o
Remote security monitoring and real time security background checks.
o
Backup systems for public safety communications networks.
6. Broadband Communications Services
Broadband provides access to new telecommunications technologies such as Voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) allowing voice communication using the Internet. Video calling may
also possible by broadband. Many software give facility of video calling i.e. Hangout etc.
7. Communications Services for People with Disabilities
Broadband permits users of Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS) to use Video Relay
Services (VRS) to communicate more easily, quickly, and expressively with voice telephone
users.
All the Government services are moving online in present days. This is because to deliver the
best and fast service to the public with the cost effectiveness and this can possible through
internet or Broadband. The private companies also using the Broadband and it is the main part
of their working culture which is used to increase revenue with making growth in knowledge
of employees.
Final results
This Project report describes the basic idea about the DSL Broadband Technologies, in which
the ADSL technology mainly described. This project report also gives information about the
use of this technology, advantages in our life etc. We also knew about the architecture of
Broadband in India and how the internet works to give data, information, communication and
all other aspects to us.
The above study is describing mainly about the problems and errors which occur when we use
the Broadband or Internet on the PC. In present scenario all are aware about the Broadband
and using it in many of their use. Therefore this study will surely help them to understand the
problem easily and get the proper solution. I am not telling that the given solutions are perfect
but it is possible to get a right solution with help of them. The problems and errors stated in
this study are not completely covering the problems because every day a new problem will
generate and face by us.
This study gives us the knowledge about the Broadband technology with architecture in India
and problems and errors investigated. The major problems and errors are stated as lower speed
of data, phone line busy, does not reach to DNS server, username or password is wrong,
destination host unreachable etc. All of them can be solved by consumer easily if he knew
about basic of the technology and using culture of that. In this way he can save much of time
which can be wasted in complaining to service provider and the work may also complete fast
and efficiently.
In this project report we find out the main problems which were occurred in ADSL broadband
technology at the customer end. Take analysis each of the problem by using many methods i.e.
practical knowledge, brain storming and consulting with the technical staff and experts. Get
the suggestions, implement them, analyze them and find out the various effective solutions.
The study will surely help to understand the ADSL broadband technology in present aspects
and will surely guide the consumers by making awareness. The service providers also guided
by this study and giving Reliable and quality services to the consumers. If the service is very
good and complaint solving is very fast, it attracts the consumers which are the main cause of
revenue increments. This study will surely help to consumers to get effective use of their
broadband connection and plan and this make satisfaction in both customer and service
providers.
Conclusion
This article looks at the telecom scenario, the new technologies, the Indian architecture based
on these technologies. The provision of wide spread Internet service with low access tariff is
an important aspect of the new approach. Applied to the issue of broadband accessibility, a
fair architecture does not discriminate between access to urban and remote areas.
Advantages of ADSL Broadband are Always on (Not on shared media), Fast (speed ranging
from 256 kbps), No disconnection, No additional access charge, Telephone and Data
simultaneously available to consumers. With the advent of new technologies in the field of
communication which has brought the world closer and closer, the consumer will be in a
better position to choose and reap the benefits. The broadband technology offers viz. High
Speed Internet, Video Conferencing, Telemedicine, Video on Demand, Internet Radio, Instant
messaging, etc. Broadband Internet access comes with both advantages and disadvantages.
However, despite the disadvantages it has become the most common way to connect to the
Internet. Broadband is the future of telecommunications, and the broadband connection
industry is growing just as customer demand is growing. Simultaneously, research is also
ongoing to provide a better product.
Although I have mentioned several problems with solving methods to understand and solve
the problem easily and quickly, but we all know that the perfection is not possible in this
world and always need the expert’s advice, thoughts to solve major or critical issues. There are
several fields or areas where we will focus in same manner.
.Scope
of future study
It can be rightly said that the broadband Internet connection is a very important invention in
the world of technology and one that is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Even
though we have undergone the all required aspects of broadband technologies, their problem
and solutions. But as far as electronics is concern the problems cannot be ended fully. As we
all know that “Necessity is the mother of invention”. Here some more technical issues, their
problems and solutions are still to be identified.
In this study of DSL broadband technologies, we learned about various parts of this viz.
ADSL, SDSL, HDSL etc. In the future of this study many technologies came in front of us.
And also much improvements will came in the present technologies which will creates new
causes of problems. The future scope of this study is to know or learn about other coming
problems in ADSL, with improving self-knowledge to solve the present problems.
In the future the voice service will lose its dominant position and broadband become a basic
service. The technical threshold of SIP-based VoIP will continue to decrease, and most SPs
will provide a VoIP “button”. Also streaming media will play an even more pivotal role in
data services.
In the field of internet or broadband, every day we know about new improvement in
technology, therefore all the solutions and the suggestions are always less than our thought.
We are always some less than the scopes of solution for problems exist, but there will always
be some solution. Taking this in mind we can learn and solve the issues in future.
References
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[05] Wikimapia.org access on dated 2-7-2014
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[13] http://www.dslreports.com/faq/7148 access on dated 19-7-2014
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[15] http://www.broadband-forum.org/technical/download/TR-145.pdf access on dated 21-72014
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[17]http://www.digitalfutures.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/isbroadbandthefuture.pdf
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