Phonetics
Slide 1
Ch 2 Phonetics
Chapter 2
Not responsible for Section 10
Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus
Homework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15
Problem Set 1 due 4/17
 http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20Problem%20Set%201.pdf
Language Mini-Research Project HW1 due 4/10
Phonetics
Slide 2
Ch 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
The study of speech sounds
Articulatory or acoustic phonetics
Speech sounds = phones, segments
Consonants and vowels
Phonetics
Slide 3
Ch 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Transcription
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Break away from spelling
IPA is one to one sound-symbol correspondence
Phonetics
Slide 4
Ch 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Transcription
Broad transcription
Narrow transcription (uses diacritics)
Phonetics
Slide 5
Ch 2 Phonetics
Sound classes
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Consonants, vowels and glides
Sonorant
Syllabic vs. nonsyllabic
Glides
Phonetics
Slide 6
Ch 2 Phonetics
Anatomy
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Parts of the body used
for making speech (see
video)
Figure 2.1 page 19 
The glottis - the space
between the vocal folds
(Figure 2.2) - Voiced,
voiceless, whisper,
murmur (breathy)
Link for vocal fold video 1 2
Phonetics
Slide 7
Anatomy
Ch 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Phonetics
Slide 8
Ch 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Consonant articulation
See Figure 2.3 p. 23 (slide 7)
The tongue
The oral tract and places of articulation
 say: typical, sufficient
Manners of articulation
places and manner of articulation video
Phonetics
Slide 9
Ch 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Consonant articulation
palate (palatal)
velum (velar)
uvula (uvular)
alveolar ridge
lips (labial)
teeth (dental)
places and manner of articulation video
Phonetics
Slide 10
Ch 2 Phonetics
Consonants
say: typical = stops; sufficient = fricatives – vary in place of articulation
Phonetics
Slide 11
Labial
Ch 2 Phonetics
Places of articulation (for English)
Dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Lips
Teeth
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Ridge
Behind top
Teeth
Roof of
Mouth
Alveopalatal
Postalveolar
Palatoalveolar
also Glottal
Velar
Soft
Palate
Phonetics
Slide 12
Ch 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Consonants
Order of 3-part descriptive terms:
Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation
so [d] is a voiced alveolar stop
Phonetics
Slide 13
Ch 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:
Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation
Phonetics
Slide 14
Ch 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
International Phonetic Alphabet
 Sound - symbol correspondence
Transcription
Download IPA font at www.sil.org, then go to computing in menu on
bottom, then “Fonts in cyberspace”, then select “SIL fonts”, then “SIL
IPA93”
Go to Peter Ladefoged’s website:
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/
Phonetics
Slide 15
Ch 2 Phonetics
Consonants - Stops
Oral or nasal (see video1 or 2)
Glottal stop
Complete obstruction in oral cavity
10 English stops
Closure and then release
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T3_Vpc44-0
Phonetics
Slide 16
Ch 2 Phonetics
Consonants - Fricatives
Narrowing in oral cavity
Near closure - forcing air through small space - hissing
Fricatives are continuous air through the mouth (continuants)
9 English fricatives
Phonetics
Slide 17
Ch 2 Phonetics
Consonants - Affricates
Delayed release of stop causing fricative after
2 English affricates
Phonetics
Slide 18
Ch 2 Phonetics
Consonants - Sibilants/Stridents
Louder type of fricative/affricate
6 English stridents
Phonetics
Slide 19
Ch 2 Phonetics
Consonants – Liquids and flap
Liquids
Laterals - air passes over sides of tongue
r’s - bunched up tongue or retroflex
2 English liquids - plus flap (See video)
Glottal stop vs. flap in the word little
Phonetics
Slide 20
Ch 2 Phonetics
Consonants - Glides
Almost no obstruction in oral cavity
2 English glides
[w] is really labiovelar
Phonetics
Slide 21
Ch 2 Phonetics
PHONETICS - Chapter 2
Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms:
Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation
Phonetics
Slide 22
Ch 2 Phonetics
English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left)
Phonetics
Practice 23
Ch 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej
1
game
2
faith
3
day
4
case
5
hate
6
waste
Phonetics
Practice 24
Ch 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej
1
Jake
2
shape
3
beige
4
hang ?
5
change
Phonetics
Practice 25
Ch 2 Phonetics
Exercise Examples
Phonetics
Slide 26
Ch 2 Phonetics
Consonants - Other
Syllabic nasals and liquids
Voiceless liquids and glides – after voiceless stops, no s- in front
Phonetics
Slide 27
Ch 2 Phonetics
Consonants - Aspiration
Puff of air after initial voiceless stop
Not after s-
Phonetics
Practice 28
Ch 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe the following words in narrow transcription
- all of them have the vowel [ej]
1
shave
2
taste
3
whale
4
clay
5
ladle
6
tray
Phonetics
Slide 29
Ch 2 Phonetics
Vowels
Different from consonants
A lot more variation (different dialects)
Vowels are in a continuous space and gradient
Described by tongue height and backness
Also by rounding and tense/lax
Vowels are a 5 part descriptive terms:
Height -- Back/Front -- Un/Rounded -- Tense/lax -- Vowel
vowel videos
Phonetics
Slide 30
Ch 2 Phonetics
vowel words
Phonetics
Practice 31
Ch 2 Phonetics
Transcription (aspiration if you can)
1
boot
2
book
3
boat
4
bought
5
pot
6
putt
Phonetics
Practice 32
Ch 2 Phonetics
Transcription
1
beat
2
bick
3
bait
4
bet
5
bat
Phonetics
Practice 33
Ch 2 Phonetics
Transcription
1
dive
2
down
3
boy
4
about
Phonetics
Practice 34
Ch 2 Phonetics
Transcription – Aspiration if you can
Phonetics
Practice 35
Ch 2 Phonetics
Broad Transcription
1
fast
2
loaf
3
cheese
4
made
5
baby
6
throw
7
should
8
fantastic
Phonetics
Practice 36
Ch 2 Phonetics
Transcription
1
car
2
sir
3
horse
4
floor
5
cheer
6
there
Phonetics
Practice 37
Ch 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe (narrow if possible) the following words
1
craft
2
sigh
3
frog
4
paddle
5
loaf
6
through
Phonetics
Practice 38
Ch 2 Phonetics
Practice - Transcribe the following words – syllabic nasals and liquids
1
oven
2
ice
3
voice
4
thunder
5
joint
Phonetics
Slide 39
Ch 2 Phonetics
Suprasegmentals (prosody)
 pitch
 loudness
 length
Phonetics
Slide 40
Ch 2 Phonetics
Pitch
 to change pitch, change tension of vocal folds (raise and lower
Adam’s apple)
 Tone - meaningful differences signaled by different pitches
 Intonation - pitch changes in spoken utterances not related to
differences in word meaning (but that do contain information)
Phonetics
Slide 41
Ch 2 Phonetics
Tone
 register tones - level tones (Mpi tones, Hmong tones)
 contour tones - moving pitch on a word that signals different
meanings of words (Chinese tones, Cantonese tones)
Phonetics
Slide 42
Ch 2 Phonetics
Intonation
 “Don’t use that tone with me, young lady/man!”
 Terminal contour
 Nonterminal contour
 High rising terminal contours - One time, at band camp
 Downdrift
Phonetics
Slide 43
Ch 2 Phonetics
Length
Geminate consonants in Italian
Vowel length in Danish
Phonetics
Slide 44
Ch 2 Phonetics
Stress
 More prominence - realized by length, pitch and/or loudness
 Always relative
 Primary and secondary
Can be meaningful in English
produce vs. produce - insult
Phonetics
Slide 45
Ch 2 Phonetics
Speech Production
 Coarticulation - more than one articulator is active - please
 Articulatory processes - adjustments made during normal speech (not
laziness, but often for ease of articulation)
 Assimilation
 Dissimilation
 Deletion
 Epenthesis
 Metathesis
 Vowel Reduction
Phonetics
Slide 46
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation
 Assimilation - when the features or characteristics of one sound
spread to another sound
 Regressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence
XY, then some characteristic of Y spreads to X (backwards).
Vowel nasalization before a nasal consonant - bed vs. Ben
 Progressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence
XY, then some characteristic of X spreads to Y (forward).
Voiceless liquids and glides - bride vs. pride
Phonetics
Slide 47
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation
 Voicing assimilation - a sound takes on the same voicing as a
nearby sound
 voicing - voiceless sound becomes voiced
 devoicing - voiced sound becomes voiceless
Phonetics
Slide 48
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation
 Assimilation of place of articulation - a sound takes on the same
place of articulation as a nearby sound
 Palatalization - making the place of articulation more palatal
Also term used for changing alveolar sound to post-alveolar
Homorganic nasal assimilation - a nasal consonant changes
depending on the place of articulation of the following consonant
Phonetics
Slide 49
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Assimilation
 Assimilation of manner of articulation - a sound takes on the
same manner of articulation as a nearby sound
 Nasalization - making vowel nasalized
 Flapping - between two vowels, an alveolar stop becomes a flap
(where first syllable is stressed and second is not) (Flaps are
considered continuant so more vowel like)
Phonetics
Slide 50
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Dissimilation
 Two sounds become less alike
 Rare process
Phonetics
Slide 51
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Deletion
 Process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts
Phonetics
Slide 52
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Epenthesis
 Process that inserts a segment in certain phonetic contexts
Phonetics
Slide 53
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Metathesis
 Reordering of the sequence of segments
Phonetics
Slide 54
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes - Vowel Reduction
 In unstressed syllables, vowels become more central
 Common reduced vowels in English:
high central
unrounded vowel
Phonetics
Slide 55
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory processes - Review
adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but for ease of articulation)
 Assimilation - regressive or progressive
Of voicing - voicing or devoicing
Place of articulation - palatalization, homorganic nasal assimilation
Manner of articulation - nasalization, flapping
 Dissimilation - orange juice
 Deletion - fifs, husban
 Epenthesis - warmpth
 Metathesis - aks, pisghetti
 Vowel Reduction - Ohio or Ohia? Missouri
Examples of stressed, unstressed and reduced vowels
Phonetics
Slide 56
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes
What processes are involved?
ij = i
uw = u
Phonetics
Slide 57
Ch 2 Phonetics
Articulatory Processes
To identify articulatory process involved, you need to look at differences between the
starting (usually careful pronunciation) and ending pronunciation (normal speech)
If a sound is missing = deletion
If a sound has been added = epenthesis
If the order of sounds has changed = metathesis
If a sound has changed:
Determine how the sound has changed (what phonetic property has changed:
voicing, place or manner of articulation)
Compare this phonetic property to nearby sounds
If the changed phonetic property matches nearby sounds = assimilation
If the changed phonetic property does not match nearby sounds = dissimilation
Ch 2 Phonetics
Consonants!!!
#2.)Place of Articulation
#3.) Manner
of…
3 (main) Descriptive Terms!!!
#1.) Voicing (left = voiceless right = voiced)
Therefore: [d] is a voiced alveolar stop
Remember this!!! *note! (exclamation points are great learning tools!)
Ch 2 Phonetics
Vowels!!!
#1.) High or Low
4 (main) Descriptive Terms!!!
#2.) Front or Back
#3.)Rounded
Or
Unrounded
#4.) Tense or Lax
Ch 2 Phonetics
Ways to memorize the IPA chart!!!
Learn to draw it from memory in less than 1min!
WOW!!!
No seriously, pay attention this is awesome…
Ch 2 Phonetics
#1.) How big is it?
8 PLACES
6
M
A
N
N
E
R
S
6 by 8
Ch 2 Phonetics
#2.) Make up a story!
Your story could go here!
B
STORY#1
S(top)
F(ricking)
A(round)
N(ow)
p(eanut) b(utter)
STORY #2
AND HERE
AND HERE
AND HERE
L(azy)
AND HERE
G(uy)
AND HERE
L
I
A
t(astes) d(elicious)
Ap
P
V
G
k(ola) g(od)
?
Ch 2 Phonetics
#3.) Remember cell numbers
Get it? Cell numbers… Ha ha ha!
(how many symbols in each row/column?)
Like a phone number 5-227-4152
5 - 2
2
7 - 4
1
7
9
2
3
2
5
5
2
Ch 2 Phonetics
#1.) Remember the shape of the distribution
PLACES
(Where do the symbols exist)?
M
A
N
N
E
R
S
Want more? Vowels? Come to study sessions and office
hours!!!
Ch 2 Phonetics
Diacritics (there are 3 you need to know!)
Ch 2 Phonetics
For next time:
Start Ch 3 Phonology – More theoretical and difficult
than Ch 2!