Social Systems Theory
Human Behavior and the Social
Environment
Characteristics
It is comprehensive
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It offers greater potential for description and
integration of disparate theories into a single
framework that any other framework.
It provides suggestive leads
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For all sectors of human behavior
It has the potential to provide a common
language.
Parsimony
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It allows the reduction of theories to a framework that
can be mastered.
Providing Meaning to Theory
General systems theory, which includes the
narrower field of social systems, is a crossdisciplinary body of scientific thought that
developed during the twentieth century.
Social systems perspective: a philosophical
viewpoint on the relationship of person with their
social environment.
Social systems model: meaning that it is at the
same time a hypothesis to be tested, primarily
through its application to professional practice.
Systems perspective provides the best
theoretical basis for the study of human
communication.
Systems/Systemic Thinking
System:
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A set of things or parts forming a whole.
A complex unity formed of many often diverse
parts subject to a common plan or serving a
common purpose.
Systemic Thinking:
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Using the mind to recognize pattern, conceive
unity, and form some coherent wholeness – to
seek to complete the picture.
Systems consists of elements that are capable
of being understood.
Systemic thinking includes those ways of
thinking that seek to understand coherence and
connectedness of all life.
Thought is patterned and imposed on the world
as experienced by the perceiver.
Comprehension of the part/whole nature of life is
the central tenet of systemic thinking.
A social system is composed of persons or
groups of persons who interact and
mutually influence each other’s behavior.
A social system is a bounded set of
interrelated activities that together
constitute a single entity.
Polar Positions
Systems exist at all levels:
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Persons
Families
Organizations
Communities
Societies
Cultures
What is a basic unit of a social system?
Macro vs. Micro
Whole vs. Part
Holistic Viewpoint:
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The whole determines the actions of its parts.
People are determined by society.
Atomistic Viewpoint:
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The whole is the sum of its parts
Persons determine the society.
The holistic view implied “downward”
causality, while the atomistic view implied
“upward” causality.
Agree? Disagree?
These two positions are important and
powerful when applied to the task of
deciding how to intervene in human
behavior.
This duality has emerged within our profession
as the historical distinction between “casework”
and “community organization”, or as “individual
change” vs. “social change”.
This duality is inherent in other social/behavioral
disciplines, most explicitly in the paradigm of
“nature vs. nurture”.
Both polar positions are relevant and must be
considered when examining human affairs.
Holon
Each social entity whether large or small,
complex or simple, is a holon.
This term is borrowed from Greek language to
express the idea that each entity is
simultaneously a part and a whole.
A social unit is made up of parts to which it is the
whole (suprasystem) and at the same time is
part of some larger whole (component).
What is central is that any system is by definition
both part and whole.
Focal system:
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The system chosen to receive primary attention.
Identifies the perspective from which the observer
views, and analyzes the system and its environment
The idea of holon then requires the observer to
attend to both the components of that focal
system and the suprasystem (significant
environment) to fully understand it.
Social System Theory is “holonistic”
requiring:
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Specification of the focal system
Specification of the units or components that
constitute that holon
Specification of the significant environmental
systems
Specification of one’s own position relative to
the focal system.
Energy/Information
The basic “stuff” of a system is energy.
Energy can be in the form of information and
resources.
System action can be understood as the
movement of energy/information:
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Within a system
Between as system and its environment
Information is ingested as energy to the same
extent that food fulfills biological needs.
What occurs in and between social
systems are “transfers of
energy/information” between persons or
groups of persons.
Energy is defined as:
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Capacity for action
Action
Power to effect change
Energy and information are not identical.
Energy must be structured in order to be useful.
Information gives form to the energy.
Energy derives from a complex of sources
including the physical capacities of its members;
social resources such as loyalties, shared
sentiments, and common values; and resources
from its environment.
Energy sources for personality systems:
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Food
The physical condition of the body
Intellectual and emotional capabilities
Emotional support from friends, family or colleagues
Cultural and religious sanctions for one’s beliefs and
activities
Recognition of one’s status by society and one’s
colleagues in an organization
One’s sense of self-worth and integrity.
Entropy and Synergy
The tendency of an unattended system to
move toward an unorganized state that is
characterized by decreased interactions
among its components.
Entropy is a measure of the quantity of
energy not available for use.
Examples:
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He’s not performing up to his potential
What a waste of talent
Synergy refers to increasingly available
energy within a system derived from
heightened interaction among its
components.
Examples:
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She’s got it all together, and look at the results
Out of many, one (E pluribus unum)
Synergy occurs in open, living systems.
The Four Basic Energy Functions
Systems require energy in order to exist.
There are four basic energy functions that
are essential to carry out a system’s
purposes:
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Securing energy from the environment
Securing energy internally
Goal attainment outside the system
Goal attainment within the system
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External
(environmental)
Internal
(components)
SE
SI
GE
GI
The four functions (SI, SE, GI, GE) are not
separate; a system performs all of these
functions at the same time.
In any exchanges between whole and
parts, all elements receive some energy
and have some goals met.
The reciprocal nature of the transactions
and exchanges should be kept in mind.
If one function is always dominant, the
other functions are neglected, to the
detriment of the total system.
Example:
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The family system that concentrates energy
only on the SE function may experience
internal disintegration.
“latch-key kids”
Organization
Even if energy is available in and to a system, if
there is a total absence of organization then
there is a total absence of system.
Absence of organization equals entropy.
Organization refers to the grouping and
arranging of parts to form a whole in order to put
a system into “working order.”
System organization secures, expends, and
conserves energy to maintain the system and
further its purposes.
If the task of energy organization is not
accomplished, then the system will fail to
develop.
Organization is not synonymous with
higher levels of complexity.
The measure of effectiveness of
organization is its capacity to fulfill the
system’s goals, as well as the goals of its
components.
Disorganization of a system – whether
person, family, or neighborhood – does not
mean totally unorganized; it means not
sufficiently organized.
Families with problems are generally
disorganized families, and the reasons for
this disorganization can emanate from
internal sources and/or external forces:
The goals of one or more members are in opposition to
system goals.
The elements of organization are disrupted or unclear.
Energies from within the system are not available or not
sufficient for the demands on the system.
The family is not adequately organized to obtain
additional energy from outside its own system.
The environment exercises a disorganizing influence on
the family system (oppression).
Energy is denied or not available from the suprasystem
(unemployment; or having welfare benefits cut off.).
Causation, Feedback Loops, and
Chaos Theory
It is not useful to understand human behavior
through searching for linear, one-directional
cause-effect relationships.
It serves little purpose to ask “why” persons do
what they do.
A more useful inquiry is “how” or in what way
something happened.
“A interacts with B to produce AB, which
changes both A and B, and results in C, which is
partly A, B, and AB.”
The process in which a system receives
internal or environmental responses to its
behavior and, in turn, reacts to these
received responses by accommodating
and assimilating the energy/information
received, by altering the system’s
structure, and then engaging in altered
exchanges of energy/information.
The fundamental concept in chaos theory is
order vs. disorder.
Energy that is completely flat, unorganized, and
undifferentiated is in a state of disorder.
Systems and subsystems which are maintained
only by great effort and only by intense energy
exchange internally and with their environment
is an example of order.