Today’s Training Goals:
You should understand







Assessing Airborne Toxicity
Hazards!
Mechanics and Interferences to
Respiration!
Medical Review processes
(Employees)!
Respirator Styles, Classes and
Selection!
Program Requirements!
Fit Testing!
Voluntary Uses and Mandatory
Use!
Historical Perspective: Occupational
Identification of concerns for present
lead exposure with reductions in
Permissible Lead Exposure Limits
2013
50 BC
Routes of Exposure




Injection!
Inhalation!
Ingestion!
Absorption (skin)!
Mechanics of Respiration





Oxygen rich air taken in by
nose and mouth, down the
windpipe into lungs.
Tiny air sacs called alveoli.
Alveoli transfer oxygen into
bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide transferred
from your body to alveoli.
Exhalation rids body of
gaseous wastes.
Respiration

Mechanics of Respiration



Inhalation –


Primary Trigger – High CO2
Secondary Trigger – Low O2
Intercostal muscles contract and diaphragm moves down,
chest volume increases and atmosphere goes into lungs to
fill the extra space.
Exhalation

Everything releases, chest volume decreases, and excess
gasses are released through the mouth and nose.
Interferences to Respiration






Lack of Oxygen
Heat
Chemicals or toxic
materials
Blockages/Particulates
Irritants
If Present, an assessment
is needed
Employee Exposure
Exposure to a
concentration of an
airborne contaminant
that would occur if the
employee were not using
respiratory protection.

Triggers Medical
Actions and
recordkeeping.

Triggers Permissible
Protective Practices.
Permissible Practices


Engineering and administrative controls that are
feasible before using respirators
Engineering:





Substitution of less toxic materials
Minimization or enclosures
Isolation, confinement of operations
Ventilation controls
Administrative:


Scheduling
Rotation of work
Sampling Equipment
Sampling Equipment
Exposure Assessment
OEL: Occupational Exposure Limit:
•
Action Level
•
Ceiling Level (C)
•
IDLH Level
OSHA: PEL
NIOSH: REL
ACGIH: TLV
CalOSHA – Non – PEL
*Hand out #1 (OSHA Statement on use of PEL)
So, You
need a
respirator!
Look at all the
kinds of masks…
Yes, Tell me
about them.
Coverings
I see you have full
facepiece and half mask,
Loose Fitting and Tight
Fitting, how do we know
what to use and if we are
using it correctly?
Tight -Fitting Coverings (Fit Test Required!)
Full Facepiece
Half Mask
Loose-Fitting Coverings (No Fit Test Required!)
Helmet
Hood
Classes of Respirators
•Positive Pressure
•When inhaling, the
pressure inside the
respirator is kept higher
than outside the regulator.
•Negative Pressure
•When inhaling, the
pressure inside the
respirator is less than
outside the respirator.
Classes of Respirators
•Examples of Negative Pressure Respirators
Classes of Respirators
•Examples of Positive Pressure Respirators
Air-Purifying Respirator (APR)
A respirator with an air-purifying filter,
cartridge, or canister that removes specific air
contaminants by passing ambient air through the
air-purifying element.
How APR Respirators Work
•When used properly,
respirators prevent the
inhalation of chemicals
and dust in the air and
protect the lungs.
•When you inhale, air is
pulled through the
cartridge, where air
contaminants are trapped.
How APR Respirators Work
Air inhaled in
Air exhaled out
Air inhaled in
How APR Respirators Work
•Air movement is
controlled by rubber
inhalation and
exhalation valves.
•The adjustable straps
are used to keep the
respirator snug on the
face.
straps
inhalation
valves
exhalation
valve
Facepiece
cartridge
valve cover
Respirator Cartridges
•Dust cartridges filter out dust only.
•Chemical cartridges trap different types
of chemicals, but not dust.
•Cartridges are color-coded for the type of
chemical or dust.
Filter
A component used in respirators to
remove solid or liquid aerosols from the
inspired air. Also called air purifying
element.
High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter (HEPA)
Filter that is at least 99.97%
efficient in removing
monodisperse particles of 0.3
micrometers in diameter or
greater.
Equivalent NIOSH 42 CFR 84
particulate filters are the N100,
R100, and P100 filters.
Air-purifying respirators

3 categories of resistance to filter efficiency
degradation:
N
(Not resistant to oil)
 R
(Resistant to oil)
 P
(oil Proof)
If a particulate, select appropriate filter
 95%
(called “95”)
 99%
(called “99”)
 99.97%
(called “100”)


Respirator Cartridges




The wrong cartridge won’t protect
you from dust or chemicals in the
air.
A chemical cartridge doesn’t filter
out dust. Works by Adsorption,
Absorption or Chemisorption.
There are several kinds of chemical
cartridges.
Combination dust/chemical
cartridges are available.
Respirator Filters


All filters, cartridges and
canisters must be labeled and
color coded with the NIOSH
approval label.
Marked with “NIOSH”,
manufacturer’s name and
part number, and an
abbreviation to indicate
cartridge or filter type (e.g.,
N95, P100, etc.).
Respiratory Protection
•Cartridge respirators
don’t work where there is
a lack of oxygen.
•Confined spaces like
tanks or manholes can
have an oxygen
deficiency or high levels
of toxic chemicals.
Service Life
The period of time that a respirator, filter or sorbent,
or other respiratory equipment provides adequate
protection to the wearer.
•Chemical cartridges can absorb only
so much chemical.
•When their capacity is reached,
breakthrough will occur.
•APRs should not be used with
chemicals without a distinct odor (to
detect breakthrough) unless the filter
has an ESLI.
Respirator Cartridges
•Chemical Cartridges are changed on a pre-determined
schedule. The employer must implement a change schedule
for canisters and cartridges. Usually one shift or one day of
use.
•Sensory perception (breakthrough) is a frequently used change
criteria.
•Dust cartridges are changed when they become difficult to
breathe through, are damaged, or get wet.
Air-purifying Respirators
Replace cartridges:
 Some canisters may
have end of service
life indicators
(ESLI).
 The sorbent is
approaching
saturation or is no
longer effective.
Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR)
An air-purifying respirator that uses a
blower to force the ambient air through
air-purifying elements to the inlet
covering.
Atmosphere Supplying Respirators
 Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
 Air-line respirators
 Combination SCBA and SAR
 Must be supplied with Grade D breathing air,
usually from bottles or compressors
Classes of AtmosphereSupplying Respirators



Continuous Flow. Provides a continuous flow of
breathing air to the respiratory inlet covering.
Demand. Admits breathing air to the facepiece
only when a negative pressure is created inside the
facepiece by inhalation.
Pressure Demand. Admits breathing air to the
facepiece when the positive pressure inside the
facepiece is reduced by inhalation.
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
An atmosphere-supplying respirator for which
the source of breathing air is not designed to be
carried by the user. Also called airline
respirator.
Supplied Air Respirators
 Airline
respirators
“Type C” or “Type CE”
 hose can be up to 300 feet
 4 cfm required for tight-fitting mask, 6 cfm for
hoods and helmets
 available in demand, pressure demand, and
continuous flow arrangements
 called
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus


SCBA is a supplied air
(atmosphere) respirator which
includes cylinder, harness,
regulator and face piece.
Pressure Demand admits
breathing air to the face piece
when the positive pressure
inside the face piece is reduced
by inhalation. Air source is
designed to be carried by the
user in positive pressure mode.
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
 Quarter
Service Life Alarm
 Bell,
Whistle, Vibration or combination
 45 cubic feet or 2,216 psi 550 psi
 45 cubic feet or 3,000 psi 750 psi
 45 cubic feet or 4,500 psi 1100 psi
 90 cubic feet or 4,500 psi 1100 psi
 Supply
air at a flow rate of 40 liters per minute.
Air Consumption
(30 min cylinder = 45 cubic feet of volume – 1,274 liters)
ACTIVITY
Sleep
Rest
Light Activity
Medium Activity
Heavy Activity
Maximum Act.
RATE (L/m)
6
9.3
19.7
40
58.5
132
TIME (min.)
212
137
64
43
21
9.6
Escape-only
type available in
5, 7, 10 or 15
minute duration
PROTECTION FACTOR




½ Face Respirator
Full face respirator
Supplied Air Respirator
10 : 1
50 : 1
10,000 : 1
The higher the value, the more protection
from the respirator.
Respiratory Protection
Half-face cartridge
respirators only provide
protection to levels 10 times
above the chemical or dust
permissible limit.
Example
Asbestos Permissible
Limit – 0.1 f/cc
f/cc = fibers per cm3
Maximum Use
Concentration for
Asbestos –
1f/cc
OSHA Requirements

5 pre-use requirements







Written program
Medical evaluation
Selection of an appropriate respirator
Training
Fit Testing
Inspection and maintenance
Usage requirements
Respirator Program
Develop written program with worksitespecific procedures when respirators are
necessary or required by the employer
Update program as necessary to
reflect changes that affect respirator use.
Requires a respirator administrator.
This person is responsible for overseeing
the respirator program.
This person must have training on
respirators.
Respirators & Physical Fitness
•Medical evaluations are
required for anyone wearing
respirators.
•Breathing through a
respirator is work for the body.
•Respirators can be
hazardous to people with
heart or lung problems.
•Required prior to fit test.
Respirators and Physical Fitness
The first step is a confidential
medical questionnaire.
A healthcare provider decides
if you need a medical exam.
Results are only used to
determine if you are fit to wear
a respirator.
Medical Evaluation

Additional medical evaluation required:





employee report of breathing concerns.
PLHCP, supervisor or program administrator specifies.
observations during fit testing or program observation.
change occurs in workplace.
Written report provided to employer and employee.
Selection of Respirators
Employer must select and provide an appropriate
respirator based on the respiratory hazards to
which the worker is exposed and workplace and
user factors that affect respirator performance
and reliability.
Selection of Respirators


Requires use of NIOSH approved respirators
 The substituting of or mixing respirator
components from another manufacturer
voids NIOSH certification.
Must select respirators from a sufficient
number of models and sizes so it fits
correctly.
Respirator Training

Employees must receive training prior to
respirator use and at least annually thereafter
(and if there is a change in workplace
conditions/requirements)




Why the respirator is necessary?
Limitations and capabilities of the respirator.
Effective use of the respirator, include how to
handle emergencies and malfunctions.
Inspection, maintenance, and storage.
Respirator Fit
Respirators must fit
properly to prevent leaks
around the edges.
Fit-testing must be done
before first wearing a
respirator.
Beards are not allowed
when wearing a
respirator.
Types of Fit Testing
 Employees
using tight-fitting face piece
respirators must pass an appropriate fit test:
 Qualitative
fit test (QLFT)
 Quantitative fit test (QNFT):
 Employee
must be fit tested with the same
make, model, style, and size of respirator that
will be used.
Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT)
A pass/fail fit test to assess the adequacy of
respirator fit that relies on the individual’s
response to the test agent.
Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT)
 Qualitative
fit testing (QLFTs)
 isoamyl
acetate (IAA)
 irritant smoke (usually titanium and stannic
chloride)
 saccharin aerosol (taste test)
 denatonium benzoate (Bitrex)
 Must
verify wearer can respond.
 Wearer must be truthful.
Quantitative fit testing (QNFTs)
An assessment of the adequacy of
respirator fit by numerically measuring the
amount of leakage into the respirator.
Inspection


Always inspect
respirator before
donning.
Check integrity of
seals and cartridges
before putting on
respirator.
User Seal Check
An action conducted by the respirator user
to determine if the respirator is properly
seated to the face.
Positive Pressure Check
Negative Pressure Check
Respirator Maintenance
•Respirators must be cleaned,
inspected and maintained
regularly.
•Cleaning is especially
important in dusty areas.
•Clean in warm soapy water.
•Allow to dry thoroughly
before storing or using.
•Do not use alcohol wipes on
respirators.
Maintenance and Care



Proper rinsing cannot be overemphasized.
 Cleansing and disinfecting agents are skin
irritants and must be completely removed.
Recharge cylinders when pressure below 90% of
recommended pressure level.
During cleaning is a good time to inspect respirators.
Respirator Storage
•Once dry, place in
protective bag so
respirators can be
stored in a clean dry
place.
•Don’t store them
unprotected in your
work area.
Don’t store them like this!
Use of Respirators
 Facepiece
seal protection
 Prohibits facial hair at the sealing surface of the
facepiece or that interferes with valve function.
 One day of growth
 Corrective glasses or goggles or other PPE must be
worn in a manner that does not interfere with the
face-to-facepiece seal.
Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Written Program
Medical Evaluation
Respirator Selection
Training
Fit Testing
Inspection, Care, Use,
Cleaning and Storage.
Program evaluation