MAC Volleyball Training – 2005
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For 1 /2 Year Referees
Agenda
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Administrative Information
Training/Evaluation Committee Information
Points of Emphasis/Rules Changes
The Libero
The Basics
The Officiating Team
A Potpourri of Information
How to Improve
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Points of Contact
• MAC VB web site: www.umpires.org
• Arbiter web site: www.thearbiter.net
• MAC VB related issues, assignments, or reporting DQ’s
or game management issues (also CC vb@umpires.org)
– John Porter (703) 978-3601, john@umpires.org
– Rob Porter (703) 359-1048, rob@umpires.org
• Rules or Procedures Interpretations
– Vance Coleman (301) 577-4158(h), (301) 928-7204(c)
– Rick Dubois (703) 430-8979(h), (571) 331-5866(c),
rck_dubois@yahoo.com
– Contact vb@umpires.org
• Uniforms and Equipment
– Rick Dubois (or anyone else willing to volunteer)
– John Vena for shirts
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VB Officiating Equipment
Mandatory Equipment/Uniform
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Black Pants
White MAC Polo Shirt
Black (Tennis) Shoes
Black Socks
NFHS Patch
Whistle (pea less) w/Lanyard
Red and Yellow Cards
Net Measuring Device (Net Chain)
Hand-held Pump
Volleyball Pressure Gauge
Coin (Quarter or larger preferably)
Line-up Card (R2)
Rules Book
Watch (digital preferably)
Optional Equipment
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Bag to carry volleyball equipment
Ear Plugs
Line Judge Flags
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MAC Association Policies/Rules
• Pay your NFHS dues: $27.50
• Go online and register: www.thearbiter.net
• Submit close-outs by blocking out dates and times on arbiter web
site
• Call your partner 24-hours in advance
• If unable to make contact with your partner, call John Porter on the
day of the match
• Submit pay sheet at the end of the season
• Rate all your partners (see separate slide for rating criteria)
– Senior partner will evaluate partner on line
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Wear appropriate uniform and have required equipment
Be at match site NLT 30 minutes before start time
Report game management issues to John Porter
Check arbiter web site daily for schedule changes and to report
match completions
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Training/Evaluation Changes for
2005
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New training committee
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Vance Coleman
James Dornak
John Dowd
Rick Dubois
Andy Fontanilla
Kathy Gutmann
Kim Hayes
Don Hinton
Fred Mehl
Christy Otto
Gwen Sanford
Fred Seeger
Dean Shumway
Al Straub
Ron Zientek
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Referees will keep score for at least
one game/match during scrimmage
season
Referees will be evaluated on their
briefings/pre-match duties during
the scrimmage season
Referees will be line judges during
the scrimmage season (if not
provided by host/given sufficient
amount of referees to man the
requirement)
Evaluations will be on line for
regular season matches –
senior/higher rated official will rate
junior official’s performance
Some officials may only be doing
line judge duties (their preference)
Specific training objectives at each
training session
One-on-one training where
necessary and/or requested
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MAC Volleyball Training Events - 2005
Classroom/Gym Training – 7 PM
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Aug 1st (Mon) – Classroom
Aug 4th (Thurs) – Classroom
Aug 8th (Mon) – Gym
Aug 11th (Thurs) – Gym
(Advanced Training)
Aug 15th (Mon) – Gym
Aug 18th (Thurs) – Gym
Aug 22nd (Mon) – Test
Aug 25th (Thurs) – Gym
Aug 20th thru first week of Sept
– HS Scrimmages – Location
TBD
VHSL Clinics – 6 PM/Noon
• Aug 3rd (Wed) – Marshall HS
• Aug 4th (Thurs) – Stafford HS
• Aug 11th (Thurs) – Handley HS
in Winchester
• Aug 14th (Sun) –
Charlottesville VHSL Office
• Aug 28th (Sun) –
Charlottesville VHSL Office
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Trainer/Evaluator Guidance
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Allow for errors and do not criticize individual, but criticize/provide feedback
on performance
Do not over-coach/assist
Provide feedback out-of-range of coaches/players
Provide feedback to entire match team (you may separate LJ’s from R1/R2,
as necessary, provide individual feedback when more beneficial)
Focus on major areas for improvement (prioritize)
Plan the training for areas you are responsible to train
Be prepared, bring all necessary forms for evaluation/training equipment
necessary for training – ask Rick/John where to get equipment/resources if
you don’t have it/them
Block out training days you are committing to on the Arbiter
Provide feedback (evaluations/improvement techniques/etc.) to
Rick/Vance/John
R1/R2 determination is at the discretion of the senior (higher rated) official
“I will work with anyone/train them/control the match, but I will not allow their
experience level to jeopardize the result”
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Rules/Guidance for Evaluations
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All evaluators will use the same form (USAV evaluation form found at
www.usavolleyball.org)
All evaluators will review the criteria prior to the evaluation(s)
All officials evaluated may ask to see their evaluation report
If the evaluation is submitted on-line, it better match the evaluation provided
to the official in person during the feedback session
Some individuals may be rated during the season without their knowledge
Evaluations will start off with the phrase (or something similar to it) “How do
you think you did?” Await response, then ask “Why?” – Probe for
details/make the evaluated individual perform his/her own self-assessment
before commenting on their performance.
When you comment on their performance
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First cover strengths/good plays/calls
Discuss troubled plays/questionable calls
Ask how they believe they can improve their performance
Provide input for their focus on future matches (in priority)
Ensure the feedback is complete and follows some sequence (chronological, by
duty performed during the match (R1/R2/LJ/SC, etc.), or some other sequence)
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Points of Emphasis for 2005
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VHSL/NFHS
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Net serve signal
Importance of warming up
Use of lineup cards
Change in signals for a down ball
MAC Association
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Uniform adherence
Timeliness to matches
Contact partner(s) prior to match (24 hours)
Pre-match with work team (scoring table officials and line judges)
• Identify game event manager
• Identify location of trainer
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Bench control
Fraternization with teams
Setter/libero recognition and player overlaps (back row attack/block)
R2 responsibilities
Teamwork between R1 and R2
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Rules Changes 2005
• Adoption of official uniform policy
– White, short-sleeved collared polo shirt
– Black pants
– Solid black athletic shoes and black socks
• R2 does not record illegal player equipment, uniform warnings,
penalties and disqualifications on lineup cards
• Rule 9-5-4 clarification to second sentence: If the ball is hit back into
a back-row player whose hands are below the height of the net, it is
ruled as the team’s first hit/contact.
• Hand signal No. 2 for a line violation is now a finger pointed at the
line instead of an open hand (signal 13 – ball lands in-bounds is an
open palm)
• Rule 6-3-2 introduces the adoption of the libero in high school
volleyball (more details on subsequent slides)
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New Rules & Interpretations
(Review of 2003 changes)
• If a deciding game occurs, the home team calls the flip
and has a choice of serve, side, or receive. Opponent
gets remaining choice (no switching at 8 pts).
• No jewelry during warm-up period (team delay)
• Uniforms shall be worn as intended by manufacturers.
• Position of uniform number (can you see it and uniform
enforcement across the association)
• Live balls are dead when the official’s whistle sounds
• Charged time outs end after 60 seconds or both teams
have returned to the court, whichever is less
• Players and coaches can be penalized for
unsportsmanlike acts toward their own team
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Review of 2003 & 2004 Rules
Changes & Interpretations
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All varsity matches are 3 out of 5 (JV/Frosh are 2 out of 3)
All games are rally scoring to 25 points except the deciding 5th game to 15
points (no change of side at 8)
Let serve is okay
2 time-outs per game (no additional time-outs for 24-24 tie)
Home team selects its bench before the warm ups (last year - 2003)
Visiting captain calls the coin toss. Winner selects serve or receive.
Adoption of USAV rule for ability to break the plane of a non-playing area
provided they have some body part in contact with a playable area
R2 only needs to signal at the end of time-outs how many time-outs each
team has used
Line judges will stand at the attack line and side line intersection near the
R1. The line judge who’s team will serve next holds the ball. (College
procedure except ball handlers normally hold the ball)
An exceptional sub is counted as a team sub if the team has not used all 18
of its substitutions
Head Coach must attend pre-match conference.
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The Libero
What is the libero?
• A back-row player specialist that:
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wears a different colored uniform
does not count against team substitutions
must sit out one rally between replacements
must be replaced by the individual for whom she originally
entered the game
replaces back row players between the attack line and end line
must enter the game during a dead ball prior to the R1
beckoning for serve
cannot set the ball in the front zone with finger action that
creates the completion of an attack
cannot attack the ball if it is above the height of the net
cannot serve the ball
cannot play in the front row
may serve as the team captain
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Libero Rules
• If used, must be designated on the lineup sheet prior to each game
• Must enter the game after starting lineup has been checked by the
R2
• May exercise one replacement per dead ball
• Must enter and exit game between the attack line and the baseline
• May be the team captain
• May be used as an exceptional substitution for an injured player if
no other legal substitutes are available
• Shall not replace a disqualified teammate
• Shall not block or attempt to block
• Shall not serve
• Shall not set the ball using overhand finger action while in front of
the attack line extended, for an attack above the height of the net
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Libero Quirks
• If the libero gets injured, the person the libero replaced must reenter the game, but can be substituted for by a legal substitute
• If a player gets injured, the libero may replace the injured player as a
regular player if no other legal substitute is available (a libero can no
longer be used in the game)
• The libero may not replace a disqualified player, nor may the libero
be replaced if they become disqualified
• An illegal libero replacement is penalized with a team delay prior to
serve; after service contact the penalty is a position fault
• The libero must change to the same uniform as the rest of team if
they come in as an exceptional substitute
• The libero may change uniform numbers if they come in as an
exceptional substitution
• A libero tracker is required at the scorer’s table (someone different
than the scorekeeper)
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Libero Tracking Sheet
TEAM:
GAME
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L:
Serving
Order
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
9c
SP
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4
6c
3
5
7
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L5
L 7 L 7 L 7 10 L 10
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Beginner Orientation
The Basics
Tips for the New Official – Getting Started
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Review training slides
Review rules and case books
Ask questions
Sign up with MAC on the Arbiter
Purchase starter equipment
Maximize attendance at training events
and scrimmages
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Volleyball Basics
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Six players per team on the court
Three hits allowed per rally
No prolonged contact (lift/throw)
Identification of playable vs. non-playable areas (lines on
court are in)
• Point awarded per rally (exception play over)
• Pre-match requirements
• Match is 3 of 5 games to 25-points, if 5th game is
required the game is to 15 points and the teams do not
change sides at point 8 (no point cap and the team must
win by 2 points) (JV best of 3 with 3rd game to 15 points)
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Officiating Basics
• Know the rules book(s)
• Carry a spare whistle
• Ask the host team which rules book governs the match (if
NCAA/PAVO – libero differences, foot fault/interference differences,
game point totals, switching in deciding game, coaching regulations,
game equipment requirements, etc.)
• Scan the gymnasium and determine playable vs. non-playable
areas (what is out, what is re-playable, what is playable)
• Inspect the gym and all equipment
• Ask “Who is the game/event manager?”
• Control the match
• Be approachable
• Make sure host team provides two game balls (minimum)
• Coach/brief officiating crew on their responsibilities
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Officiating Signals
• Sequence
– Whistle (pause, read, and react)
– Infraction/foul
– Result (point for one of the teams)
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Team infractions supercede individual infractions
Mechanics differentiate officials
Proper signals prevent vocal explanation
Practice is the only way to get better (use a
mirror)
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Officiating Signals cont
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Illegal alignment/improper server
Line violation
Illegal hit
Delay of service
Over-the-Net
Net Foul of Net Serve
Legal Back Row Attack
Illegal Attack of Serve/Back Row
Attack
Illegal Block/Screen
Ball touched
Four hits
Double hit
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Ball lands in-bounds
Out-of-bounds/antenna violation
Begin serve
Side-out (not used in rally scoring)
Point
Replay/Re-serve
Substitution/Authorization to enter
Illegal substitution
Team Time-out
Officials Time-out
Unnecessary Delay
End of game
Change of courts
Contact below the waist
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Pre-game Duties & Responsibilities
• Greet the coaches
• Ask home team coach or captain which side they want for game 1
• Determine game administrator – find out where he/she will be sitting
during the match
• Inspect the gymnasium
– Determine playable and non-playable areas/obstructions (Rules to
follow: 6’ from court lines or 23’ (7m) above the court surface)
• Boundaries (playable vs. non-playable)
• Which obstructions are part of the ceiling
• Which obstructions are part of the wall
– Other obstructions reducing playable area
• Remove if possible
• Otherwise, mitigate their presence
– Inspect lines and court markings
• All lines should have a contrasting color from the playing surface
• All lines are 2” wide (5 cm)
• Ensure the court has service area hash marks (6” long, 8” from end line)
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Pre-game Duties & Responsibilities cont
• Inspect equipment
– Net (help get height standardized during scrimmages)
• Verify net height
– (7’ 41/8th” at center and no > ¾” difference at the sides for girls)
– (7’11&5/8th” at center and no > ¾” difference at the sides for boys)
• Taut along the length of the net
• Inspect for excessive tears and breaks in the nets (creating large
holes/squares)
– Antennas
• < or = 3/8” in diameter w/ alternating colors – white and orange or red
• Extending 2.5’ to 3.5’ above the height of the net
– Standards and Supports (Ref Stand also)
• Must be padded below 51/2’
• Padding must be 1” (standards) 1/2” (supports)
• All exposed steel cables at the top and bottom of the net are to be
covered/padded
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Pre-game Duties & Responsibilities cont
• Inspect equipment (continued)
– Volleyballs (ball must be white)
• NFHS Logo
• 4.3 – 4.6 lbs. per sq in. of pressure
• No visible or surface defects (Mary said no game ball written on
balls)
• Ensure a minimum of 2 game balls available
• Initial and date balls when checked
– Team Benches
• No closer than the attack line
• > 6’ from the court
– Scorekeeper’s Table
• Opposite the Referee Stand
• > 6’ from the sideline
• Centered (preferably) on the center line
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Pre-game Duties & Responsibilities cont
• Conduct Pre-match Conference
– See separate slide
• Inspect players
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No jewelry
Preventative Officiating
Uniform discrepancies
Religious or other exceptions (letters on file)
• Brief Scorekeeper, Timer, Line Judges, and R2
– See separate slide
• Observe Warm-ups
– Determine setters
– Observe ball-handling skills
– Control team activities, as needed (keep teams on their side of the net
during warm-ups until their designated 5 minute warm-up period)
• Verify team rosters and line-ups
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The Officiating Team
R1/R2/Scorekeeper/Libero
Tracker/Timer/Line Judges
R1 Responsibilities –
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Remember, you are in charge
Conduct the pre-match conference
Check the game ball
Inspect the court
Review duties with the umpire and line judges
Make decisions on matters not specifically covered by the rule
Blow the whistle for serve and dead ball
Recognize requests for substitution or time-out
Make ball handling decisions
Signal the result of each play or action/infraction
Scan the court before beckoning for serve
Make server foot fault calls
Responsible for the alignment of the serving team
Keep track of the number of hits by a team during play
Administer cards, as necessary
Signal the end of the game or the end of a time-out
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Pre-match Briefings to Line Judges,
Scorekeeper, Libero Tracker and Timer
• R1 briefs R2 and Line Judges on their
responsibilities
• R2 briefs scorekeepers, libero trackers and
timers on their responsibilities (available NLT 20
minutes to game 1)
• Short and rehearsed
• Ask if the individual has performed their given
function before (if yes, let them tell/show you
their duties and make corrections as necessary)
• If you need a cheat sheet, use Mary Donnellan’s
sheet
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R2 Responsibilities –
Remember, you work for
the R1 and are part of his/her team
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Supervise the positioning of team benches and the scorer’s table
Review duties with the scorers and timers
Check the team line-ups before the game
Administer time-outs and substitutions
Grant serving order requests (line up checks)
Echo signals made by the referee
Make net fault calls
Responsible for the net from the bottom of the top net cord to the
ground
Make center line foot fault calls
Responsible for alignment of the receiving team
Make back row attack and block calls for the receiving team
Make ball handling calls when the referee is screened from the play
Keep time during time-outs
Verify the accuracy of the score sheet at the end of each game
Primarily responsible for bench control
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R2 Techniques / Mechanics
• Maintain the tempo of the game/match
• Scan both benches during dead balls (start with the serving team
and then the receiving team)
• Anticipate coaching moves
– Substitutions
– Time outs
• Do not delay subs in the sub zone, expedite the substitution
– Read player numbers as they approach the side line
– Position yourself by the scorer’s table
• Position yourself on the blocking team side of the net and transition
to the other side before the 2nd team contact
• Angle over distance (be able to see the entire length of the net and
center line), do not get married to the support
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R2 Techniques / Mechanics cont
• Control the scorer’s table (scorers, libero trackers and timers)
• Establish a rapport with the scorer, libero tracker, timer, and
coaches.
• Maintain control of the benches
• Hustle
• Alter your position as required to get a better look at the net
• Assist the referee in calling the match – Work as a team!
• Maintain eye contact with the R1 when echoing signals
• Do not hide behind the support when echoing signals
• Take preventive measures to ensure you never have a team delay
for the coach turning in a roster or line up late
• If a libero is not listed on the team line up, ask the coach if they
intend to use a libero in the game (provided the line up was provided
within the required time)
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Scorekeeper Responsibilities
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Report NLT 20 minutes before match time
Receive team rosters 10 min before start of match
Receive line ups 2 min before end of warm ups and NLT 1 min before subsequent
games
Complete the heading section of the score sheet
Record the score of the match
Record time outs
Record substitutions
Record comments
Record the final score for each game
Designate the serving order when requested
Notify R2 of discrepancies in the score
Notify the R2 when the 15th, 16th, 17th, and 18th substitutes are used by a team – also
notify R2 of 19th substitute, if necessary
Notify R2 of improper servers
Notify R2 of illegal substitutions
Notify the R2 when game point is reached
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Scorekeeping
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The scorekeeper works for the R2 & is present 20 minutes before match
start time
The timer and scorekeeper work in tandem
Scorekeeper must write small enough to record all activities
Scorekeeper records:
– The starting line-up for each team in proper serving order
– All information in the heading of the score sheet
– Every play or action
• Result of a serve
– Point (in player’s scoring section corresponding to correct server)
– Loss of Rally (-)
– Slash or put a rectangle around team running score
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Substitution (S or Sx #entering/#leaving) & slash total team substitute number
Time out (T or Tx score of team taking time out/score of opponent)
Penalty (P or Px)
Replay (R)
Re-serve (R-S)
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Scorekeeping cont.
• Scorekeeper records:
– Comments
• Warnings (Y#_, Score of offending team – Opponent Score)
• Penalties (R#_, Score of offending team – Opponent Score)
• Disqualifications (DQ#_, Score of offending team – Opponent
Score)
• Uniform/Equipment Violations (E#_, Score of offending team –
Opponent Score)
• Unconscious Players (“unconscious player #_”)
• Exceptional Substitutions (“exceptional sub, player # entering
game/player coming out of game)
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Libero Tracker Responsibilities
• Notify the R2 when a libero is/is not designated for a
game by the teams prior to game start time
• Communicate with the scorekeeper on libero
replacements
• Record all substitutions and libero replacements on the
libero tracking sheet
• Tell the R2 if the libero is replaced by an incorrect player
or an undesignated libero enters the game
• Notify the R2 if the libero does not stay out of the game
for one rally between replacements
• Sit next to the scorekeeper
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Timer Responsibilities
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Report 20 minutes before match time
Test timing device
Time pre-match warm up period (8,5,5,2)
Sit next to the scorekeeper
Work in tandem with scorekeeper
Keep time for team charged time-outs (45 sec
and 60 sec audible sound)
• Keep injury time outs (30 sec)
• Time the period between games (3 minutes –
audible sound at 2 min 45 sec and 3 min)
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Line Judge Responsibilities
• Report NLT 20 minutes before match start time
• Straddle the corner of the end and sideline
• Stand at the intersection of the attack line and side line near the R1
during time outs
• Watch for foot faults by the server
• Signal when the ball is out-of-bounds
– Lands outside the lines marking the court
– Does not cross the vertical plane of the net between the antennas
– Contacts any part of the net, antenna, support, structure, or ref stand
outside of the antennas
– Is out-of-bounds because of contact with an obstruction
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Signal when the ball lands in bounds
Signal for touches
Signal if they do not see the play
Respond to all referee requests
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Line Judges - General
• R1 briefs line judges
• Line judges should be at the match NLT 20 minutes prior
to match start time (our officials = 30 minutes)
• If a MAC official, line judges do not check nets or balls
(unless directed to do so by the R1)
• R1 briefing should be quick and focus on the essentials
• Line judges will wear the same uniform as other MAC
officials if a MAC official (if parents or fans - adults only,
no hats, no walkmans, no food or drinks near the court
or in the possession of the line judge, proper decorum –
remember they are part of your officiating crew)
• If a line judge is a parent, they are not allowed to cheer
for their team – they are part of the officiating crew
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Line Judge Briefings
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Quick and to-the-point
– 5 signals
• Out
• Touch
• In
• Service Fault
• Did not see/no input call
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Hints for line judges
– Pick up the stationary object
• Do not lock in on the ball for plays close to the line or near the net
• Focus on the line first as ball crosses the line on a close play
• Focus on blocker’s hands instead of keeping eyes on the ball
– Line judge on the blocker side has responsibility for touch (however, other line
judge may make a call if they see it)
– Line judges should help with balls hitting overhead objects that go out-of-bounds
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Responsibilities are limited to those delineated in the R1/Line judge
briefing
Do not interact with coaches
During time outs come to the side of the R1 and stand at the
intersection of the attack line and side line
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Additional Information to Make
You Dangerous
A Potpourri of Information
Overlaps
• Anticipate them (watch the setter, adjust your position as necessary
to get a better look)
• Look for the libero
• Understand serving order and describe overlaps to coaches or
captains using player’s numbers or physical location (e.g., # 3 is
overlapped with # 9 or your right-back is overlapped with your rightfront)
• The server on the serving team may overlap with the center-back or
left-back player (i.e., they can serve from anywhere along the end
line)
• At the time of the serve
– All right-side players must have part of one foot closer to the right
sideline than both feet of the center player in their corresponding row
– All left-side players must have part of one foot closer to the left sideline
than both feet of the center player in their corresponding row
– All front row players must have part of one foot closer to the center line
than both feet of their corresponding back row player
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Screening
• Rarely called
• Requires two players close together or a player
immediately in front of the server
• R1 must determine
– Defender’s ability to move one or two steps laterally
to maintain same defensive posture
– Trajectory of the serve
– Serve must be to the screened player
– Actions of screeners
• Take Preventative Officiating Measures
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Pre-Match Conference
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R1, R2, Coaches, and Captains
25 minutes before match starts (15 min by rules book)
R1 and R2 face the net side-by-side, coaches and captains face one
another on their respective side of the center line
Topics to cover
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Greetings
Rule changes
Uniforms and Equipment
Ground Rules
Pre-match Warm-up (8/5/5/2)
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Fairfax County Schools – (shared court/home team/visiting team/shared serve)
Loudoun County Matches – (shared court/service team/receiving team/shared serve)
Loudoun Valley and Stone Bridge exceptions
Exceptions (transportation problem, multiple court warm-up opportunity, etc.)
– Coin Toss
– Salutations
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Uniforms & Equipment
• Verify with both coaches that all players are properly uniformed and
equipped during the pre-match conference
• Uniforms shall be worn properly and as designated by the
manufacturer
– All uniforms must be free of hard and unyielding items such as buttons,
zippers, snaps, and fasteners
– All players on a team will wear like-colored uniforms
– Religious exceptions require a note on file from a church
representative
– If compression shorts are worn and exposed, they must be a similar
color to the uniform bottom and all players on the team must have
compression shorts
– All shirts must have numbers (no more than 2 digits)
– See Rule 4, Section 2 for dimensions on manufacturer’s logos and other
patches allowed
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Uniforms & Equipment cont
•
No jewelry
– Anything on the wrist or around the neck is jewelry
– No earrings (no studs) – taping not allowed (differs from USAV interpretation)
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Nothing hard in the hair (soft items may be no more than 2” wide)
No artificial “hard” guard is allowed on fingers, hands, wrists, or forearms
Cover other supports and braces with padding (point of emphasis describes
no hard guard more than half-way down forearm)
No equipment that increases a players advantage or is a safety concern
(e.g., towel hanging from shorts)
No body paint or glitter on a player’s hair, face, uniform or body (nothing that
can rub off onto the ball or the court)
Medical and religious medallions are allowed, but must be taped and worn
under the uniform.
Penalty – Unnecessary delay – Team time out or point for the opponent if no
time outs remain. 2nd equipment/uniform offense is a loss of rally (if
applicable) and point for the opponent.
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Ground Rules (Playable and Nonplayable areas/obstructions)
• Court should be free of obstructions for 6’ from end lines and side
lines
• All overhead obstructions should be > than 23’ (7m) to be playable
• All parts of a system (e.g. backboard, basket, net, and support) must
be > 23’ to be playable
• Make a judgment call on obstructions less than 23’ high or less than
6’ from court boundaries
– Instant dead ball
– Does a player have a play on the ball?
– Consider trajectory, speed, height, etc.
• Keep the area between the scorer’s table and benches free of
debris and objects
• Keep spectators off the first row of bleachers
• If uncertain, ask your partner for advice, lastly ask the coach how
they rule on something in their gymnasium that is peculiar
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Injuries
• Coach has 30 seconds to determine:
– Injured player will continue
– There will be a substitution
• If legal sub, injured player may return
• If exceptional sub, injured player is out for the game
– Time out requested by team
• Be supportive of injury, but do not allow coach to extend time limits
• Unconscious player (determination by R1)
– Unavailable for the rest of the match without written doctor approval
• Safely remove injured player from court
• Bleeding injuries are treated as injury time outs
• Injuries prior to game are not penalized by regular substitution
procedures
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Use of Penalty Cards
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Use preventative officiating first
Cards are cumulative in a match and carry over from previous games
Officials do not have to issue a yellow card before issuing a red card or a
red card before a disqualification
R1 administers cards, R2 may request cards
The scorekeeper records the penalty in the comments section of the score
sheet
Remember that a yellow card is only a warning
Use cards for unsportsmanlike conduct
Use yellow cards for:
– Warning for minor offenses
– Coaches repeatedly ignoring instructions from the R2 or R1
– Players other than the captain addressing the R1 or commenting about ball
handling calls or complaining on the court
– Use of illegal equipment
– Coach or player attempting to grandstand
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Use of Penalty Cards cont
• Use Red Cards for:
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Serious misconduct
Swearing
Taunting an opponent
Use of tobacco
Repeat offenses that have already received a yellow card
• Disqualification should occur when:
– A player or coach commits a second serious offense or third
minor offense
– Fighting
– Injuring another player intentionally
• Degree of offense and level of card (yellow vs. red vs.
yellow/red) is at the discretion of the R1 and is not
subject to protest
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Maintaining Bench Decorum and
Court Control
• Put the impetus on the captain and coach for
enforcement
• Coaches and players on the bench must remain seated
during play except to greet a substitute, call for a
substitution or time-out, or to express enthusiasm for a
good play (Describe new test/experiment for 2005)
• Beckon the captain to relay messages to the coach and
or team mates on the bench
• Use a hand gesture to warn the coach
• Do not allow taunting or disrespectful behavior
• Do not allow coaches to attempt to influence calls
• All requests to the scorer’s table should go through the
R2
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Substitutions
• 18 team substitutions per game
• Players must substitute into the same position in the line-up
• More than one substitution is permitted by a team during a time out
if made through the same request for substitution or does not
otherwise delay the game
• A sub may be requested by a coach or by a player walking into the
substitution zone (between attack line and center line)
• Substitution is not allowed prior to the start of the game
• Improper substitution is corrected and coaches and players are
warned; subsequent/repeated offenses may be penalized with a
team delay
• Delayed substitution is a team delay
• Illegal substitution is a team delay
– Adjudication is based on time that the illegal substitute is recognize, if in
the game
– Illegal player is replaced by a legal player immediately
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Tough Rules/Plays
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Finger Action
In Play vs. Out of Play
Team vs. Individual faults
Back row fouls
Improper server / illegal substitution
Variations in foot faults or situations
creating interference
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Media/Photographers
• Where can they stand/sit?
– Non-playable areas
– Coach’s discretion in non-playable area
• Focus on safety of players
• No flash photography during live balls/play
(from the time the R1 beckons for serve
until the whistle is blown signaling a dead
ball)
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How to Improve
Becoming a Better VB Official
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Review the Rules Book
Receive guidance from higher rated officials
Review/subscribe to available VB publications/periodicals
Become certified as a USAV and PAVO VB official
Study the game
Get as much feedback as possible
Request as many evaluations as possible
Don’t worry about making mistakes
Challenge yourself
Tell someone on the training committee you want to move to the next level
Practice your mechanics (use the mirror or a partner for feedback)
Conduct an honest self assessment & ask for assistance from fellow
VB officials
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USAV/PAVO
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Local USAV Region is Chesapeake Region Volleyball Association (CHRVA)
CHRVA web site is www.chrva.org
Web site provides links to other volleyball associations and to a Referee page
http://www.vball-life.org/officials/index.cfm
Most coaches and players participate in USAV juniors program and/or play in the
adult program
You must be USAV certified to officiate recreation VB in the area
Regional USAV certification is required to officiate college matches in the area (PAVO
is the governing body)
USAV certification requires a commitment
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6 – 8 hour clinic
5 passing recommendations
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3 R1 passing ratings
2 scorekeeper passing ratings
3 days worth of effort
Involvement in USAV and PAVO leads to recognition by players, coaches, and fellow
referees
USAV clinics are typically in the mid to late October timeframe
PAVO clinic is held in August and is required to referee college VB
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Mid Atlantic Collegiate (MAC) Volleyball
High School Rating Factors
Rating
Status
Personality
Judgment
Varsity Crew
Chief
2
Varsity
3
Light Varsity
4
Demonstrates basic leadership,
Junior Varsity no serious personality flaws,
Above Average for JV level
CrewChief
communicates well with partners (default judgment)
6
7
Other
Condensed/consolidated Rating
Factors
All technical skills of a 2 (Varsity referee)
& able to teach scorekeeping, R1, R2,
and line judge responsibilities;
mechanics consistent with updated
R1 Varsity playoffs
Excellent Judgment & Attitude,
PAVO/USAV/NFHS teaching; can control (State, Regional or
Strong Leader & Teacher,
Outstanding
Excellent Judgment; expected to the match as either an R1 or R2; insists District level);
Continually learning and
Leadership/Attitude, strives to make & makes the correct calls that officiating crewmaintain a consistent evaluator/trainer during improving, Strives to be the best
be the best
99% of the time
standard
scrimmages
and work higher-level volleyball
Facilitates match as R1 - properly briefs
Positive Attitude, Able to handle Distinguishes between lifts and officials on the crew (R2, line judges), if
Very good Judgment, Fully
any coach or referee (controls doubles, knows when to blow R2, properly briefs scorekeeper/timer;
understands game & mechanics,
the teambenches/coaches as the whistle for ball-handling,
able to recognize and call overlaps and
Commitment to volleyball extends
the R2), takes personal
knows when to utilize cards and back-row attacks/blocks, scans
R1 any Varsity game, beyond the two month NFHS
measures to improve
sanction teams/players
officiating crew before executing signals 90 or better on HS exam season
Avg for Varsity level, consistent
judgment, doesn't miss obvious Knows and executes R2 responsibilities,
ball-handling calls and/or
maintains control of scorekeeping crew
accepts/recognizes the leading as the R2, provides feedback to teams & R1 for light Varsity, 85 Above average Judgment, very
Same leadership ability as a 4 signals provided by the R2
officiating crew members as required
or better on HS exam good mechanics, consistent
1
5
Technical Skills
Junior Varsity Not a factor
Frosh Only,
Private Schools Not a factor
No Potential
Average
Not a factor
No Data
R1 for JV/low level
Knows the rules and mechanics, above games, 80 or better on Good Knowledge, Judgment,
average execution of responsibilities
HS exam
Mechanics
Dependable, knows pre-match & match
responsibilities, possesses required
volleyball officiating equipment and
R2 in JV games, 70-80 Basic understanding of
proper uniform
on HS exam
Mechanics, fair judgment
Has completed minimal Trained Umpire (Knows
Knows basic rules & basic mechanics training
responsibilities, weak mechanics)
Unresponsive to training Can not be trained
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MAC Volleyball Peer Ratings Form
Rater: ______________
Year: ____
Please list all referees in Rank Order. Include all referees you observed or worked with for the entire year. The top level
referee should be listed first with the lowest level referee listed last. Many referees can share the same rating, but All referees
you rate should have a unique Rank. The Assignment column is a listing of referee assignments (R1, R2, or line judge) that you
observed. List each referee only once. Submit at the end of the NFHS volleyball season.
Rank
Name
Rating
Strengths
Needs Improvement
Assignment
MAC Volleyball Rating Scale
1. Varsity Crew Chief (Excellent Judgment & Attitude, Strong Leader & Teacher, Continually learning and improving, Strives to be
the best and work higher-level volleyball)
2. Varsity (Very good Judgment, Fully understands game & mechanics, Commitment to volleyball extends beyond the two month
NFHS season)
3. Light Varsity (Above average Judgment, very good mechanics, consistent)
4. Junior Varsity Crew Chief (Good Knowledge, Judgment, Mechanics)
5. Junior Varsity (Basic understanding of Mechanics, fair judgment)
6. Frosh Only, Private Schools - Trained Umpire (Knows responsibilities, weak mechanics)
7. No Potential (Can not be trained)
Mail to 8805 Southlea Court, Fairfax, VA 22031-3233
--or--
Fax to (703) 978-5872
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