FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES Chapter 1 Examples of Applied and Basic Research Studies The following journal articles are good examples of applied and basic research studies in the area of health and human performance. Faigenbaum, A. D., Milliken, L. A., & Westcott, W. L. (2003). Maximal strength testing in healthy children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(1), 162-166. Ichinoseki-Sekine, N., Naito, H., Tsuchihara, K., Kobayashi, I., Ogura, Y., Kakigi, R., et al. (2009). Provision of a voluntary exercise environment enhances running activity and prevents obesity in Snark-deficient mice. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 59(5), E1013-E1021. Judelson, D., Maresh, C., Farrell, M., Yamamoto, L., Armstrong, L., Kraemer, W., et al. (2007). Effect of Hydration State on Strength, Power, and Resistance Exercise Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(10), 1817-1824. Website Examples of Applied and Basic Research The following websites provide good information to explore the nature of applied and basic research studies in the area of health and human performance. o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; http://www.cdc.gov/ Explore various topics on the website to learn about current research. Look for the Data and Statistics link for current topics. o National Institutes of Health; http://www.nih.gov/ Click on the Research link to explore Science Highlights and read about the current research ranging from Behavioral and Social Sciences to Stem Cell Research. o John Hopkins Medical Research Centers; http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Research/core_research_facilities.html Explore various research centers associated through John Hopkins University. For example, see what research is being conducted at the Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences (IBBS) http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/institute_basic_biomedical_sciences/resea rch/index.html Chapter 2 Chapter 2 is really an overview of many of the topics that are covered later in the text. You can utilize different examples from the referenced chapters as a way to give students a better understanding of what is to come. You can also refer to those chapters’ web materials to begin to introduce the concepts. Chapter 3 Free Brainstorming Tools to assist with Concept Mapping XMind (Free Version) o http://www.xmind.net o Utilized for creating mind maps, cause and effect diagrams. o XMind Pro version is available for purchase, which allows more flexibility and features. Free Mind o http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page o Utilized for mind mapping, brainstorming, and more. o The open source software needs to run on Java. Visual Understanding Environment o http://vue.tufts.edu/ o Visualize and manage your research ideas and more. o Open source software developed out of Tufts University. Chapter 4 Examples of Review of Literatures We encourage you to find a published review in your area of interest to gain a deeper insight into the nature of your topic and at the same time using it as a guideline for writing a review of literature. Here are some examples of published reviews: Biondi, D. M. (2005). Physical treatments for headache: A structured review. The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 45(6), 738-746. Brown-Bryant, R., & Brumbaugh, K. (2010). A perspective on CDC's efforts in safe motherhood: 2001 to the present. Journal of Women's Health, 19(5), 833-836. Howarth, A., Swain, N., & Treharne, G. (2010). A review of psychosocial predictors of outcome in labour and childbirth. New Zealand College of Midwives Journal, 42, 17-20. Lustig, C., Shah, P., Seidler, R., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2009). Aging, training, and the brain: A review and future directions. Neuropsychology Review, 19(4), 504-522. Robertson, K. (2010). Understanding the needs of women with postnatal depression. Nursing Standard, 24(46), 47-55. Streiner, D. L. (2009). The effects of exercise programs on cognition in older adults: A review. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 19(5), 438. Weinstein, A., & Lejoyeux, M. (2010). Internet addiction or excessive internet use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 277-283. Whitaker, J., Cunningham, A., & Selfe, J. (2006). Youth sport injuries and their immediate management: A review. Physical Therapy Reviews, 11(3), 171-177. Examples of Position Statements We encourage you to find a position statement in your area of interest; start to look at your national professional organization. Here are some examples of published position statements: American Association of Health Education. (2005). HIV/AIDS Prevention Education in Schools. Retrieved from www.aahperd.org/aahe/advocacy/positiomstatements/ American Association of Health Education. (2008). Skin cancer prevention within health education. Retrieved from www.aahperd.org/aahe/advocacy/positionStatements/ American Association of Health Education. (2008). Usage of tobacco products. Retrieved from www.aahperd.org/aahe/advocacy/positiomstatements/ American College Health Association (2009). Drug education and testing of student athletes. Retrieved from www.acha.org/Publications/Guidelines_WhitePapers.cfm Bonci, C. M., Bonci, L. J., Granger, L. R., Johnson, C. L., Malina, R. M., Milne, L. W., Ryan, R. R., & Vanderbunt, E. M. (2008). National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: Preventing, detecting, and managing disordered eating in athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(1), 80-108. Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(7), 1510-1530. Nattiv, A., Loucks, A. B., Manore, M. M., Sanborn, C. F., Sundgot-Borgen, J., & Warren, M. P. (2007). The female athlete triad. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(10), 1867-1882. Examples of Organizing Your Research We encourage you to look at the examples of how other reviews have organized and summarized their research: Biondi, D. M. (2005). Physical treatments for headache: A structured review. The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 45(6), 738-746. ○ Look at Table 3 for a summary of studies utilized in the review paper. ○ Table is set up with three columns: citation, study characteristics, and results Webb, L. (2009). Counting girls out: A review of suicide among young substance misusers and gender difference implications in the evaluation of risk. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 16(2), 103-126. ○ Detailed table that presents the articles reviewed in the paper. The table identifies the study name, type of study, sample examined and main findings. Whitaker, J., Cunningham, A., & Selfe, J. (2006). Youth sport injuries and their immediate management: A review. Physical Therapy Reviews, 11(3), 171-177. ○ Three different tables summarize studies utilized in the review paper. ○ Tables are set up with each row representing a different study that includes the following information: authors, year, population/sample, and key findings. Websites for AMA and APA ○ http://www.amamanualofstyle.com ○ http://www.apastyle.org/ Chapter 5 Resources for Survey Research Designs Here are some resources for survey research designs: Bradburn, N., Seymour, S., & Wansink, B. (2004). Asking Questions. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Fowler, F. J. (2002). Survey Research Methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Couper, M., P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2004). Survey Methodology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing. Examples of Survey Research Designs We encourage you to find an example of survey research design on your own. Here are some published examples: Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a state-based system of health surveys. For more information on the BRFSS go to http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/ Curtis, C. K., Laudner, K. G., McLoda, T. A., & McCaw, S. T. (2008). The role of shoe design in ankle sprain rates among collegiate basketball players. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(3), 230-233. Kasper, M. J., Garber, M., & Walsdorf, K. (2007). Young women's knowledge and beliefs about osteoporosis: Results from a cross-sectional survey of college females. American Journal of Health Education, 38(4), 186-193. Examples of Quasi Experimental Research Designs We encourage you to find an example of quasi-experimental research design on your own. Here are some published examples: Brink, L., Nigg, C., Lampe, S., Kingston, B., Mootz, A., & Vliet, W. (2010). Influence of schoolyard renovations on children's physical activity: The learning landscapes program. American Journal of Public Health, 100(9), 1672-1678. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.178939. Faigenbaum, A. D., Ratamess, N. A., McFarland, J., Kaczmarek, J., Coraggio, M. J., Kang, J., & Hoffman, J. R. (2008). Effect of rest interval length on bench press performance in boys, teens, and men. Pediatric Exercise Science, 20, 457-469. Examples of True Experimental Research Designs We encourage you to find an example of true experimental research design on your own. Here are some published examples: Alexander, G. W., McClure, J. B., Calvi, J. H., Divine, G. W., Stopponi, M. A., Rolnick, S. J., Heimendinger, J., Tolsma, D. D., Resnicow, K., Campbell, M. K., & Johnson, C. C. (2010). A randomized clinical trial evaluating online interventions to improve fruit and vegetable consumption. American Journal of Public Health, 100(2), 319-326. Kasper, M. J., Waggner, G. T., Schlegel-Maina, J., Edmunds, C., & Bass, R. V. (2008). The effect of a short educational program on young women’s knowledge and beliefs about Osteoporosis. VAHPERD Journal, 29(3), 16-19. Swanenburg, J., Douwe de Bruin, E., Stauffacher, M., Mulder, T., & Uebelhart, D. (2007). Effects of exercise and nutrition on postural balance and risk of falling in elderly people with decreased bone mineral density: Randomized controlled trial pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation, 21, 523-534. Examples of Correlation Research Designs We encourage you to find an example of correlation research design on your own. Here are some published examples: Dencker, M., Bugge, A., Hermansen, & Andersen, L. B. (2010). Objectively measured daily physical activity related to aerobic fitness in young children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(2), 139-145. Puchner, J., Buehler, R., Bassett, D. R., & Dannenberg, A. L. (2010). Walking and cycling to health: A comparative analysis of city, state, and international data. American Journal of Public Health, 100(10), 1986-1992. Chapter 6 Examples of Triangulation in Qualitative Research Identify the techniques used to triangulate the data in the articles below: Kharbanda, E. O., Stockwell, M. S., Fox, H. W., & Rickert, V. I. (2009). Text4Health: A qualitative evaluation of parental readiness for text message immunization reminders. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2176-2178. Robinson, K., Farmer, T., Elliott, S. J., & Eyles, J. (2007, April) From heart health promotion to chronic disease prevention: Contributions of the Canadian Heart Health Initiative. Preventing Chronic Disease [serial online], Retrieved May 11, 2010. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/apr/06_0076.htm. Smith, L.T., Johnson, D. B., Beaudoin, S., Monsen, E. R., & LoGerfo, J. P. (2004, January). Qualitative assessment of participant utilization and satisfaction with the Seattle Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Pilot Program. Preventing Chronic Disease [serial online], Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2004/jan/03_0010b.htm Example of Focus Group Design We encourage you to find an example of focus group design on your own. Here is one published example: Mitscheke, D. B., Matsunaga, D. S., Loebl, K., Tatfu, E., & Roginett, H. (2008). Multi-ethnic adolescents’ attitudes toward smoking: A focus group analysis. American Journal of Health Promotion, 22(6), 393-398. Examples of Stimulated Recall We encourage you to find an example of stimulated recall on your own. Here are some published examples: Debanne, T., & Fontayne, P. (2009). A study of a successful experienced elite handball coach’s cognitive processes in competition situations. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 4(1), 1-16. O’Brien, M., Whelan, T., Charles, C., Ellis, P., Gafni, A., Lovrics, P., et al. (2008). Women's perceptions of their treatment decision-making about breast cancer treatment. Patient Education and Counseling, 73(3), 431-436. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.07.015. Examples of Case Studies We encourage you to find an example of a case study on your own. Here are some published examples: Johnston, G. N. L. (2003). Faith-based health education project: A case study. California Journal of Health Promotion, 1(2), 208-222. Ricci, R. D., Cerullo, J., Blanc, R.O., McMahon, P. J., Buoncritiani, A. M., Stone, D. A., & Fu, F. H. (2008). Talocrural dislocation with associated Weber Type C fibular fracture in a collegiate football player: A case report. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(3), 319-325. Rosenkranz, R. R., Cook, C. M., & Haub, M. D. (2007). Endurance training in lowcarbohydrate and grain-based diets: A case study. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17, 296-309. Chapter 7 Websites for Mixed Methods Website for Journal of Mixed Methods Research o http://mmr.sagepub.com/ Action Research international journal o http://intl-arj.sagepub.com/ Action Research.net o http://www.actionresearch.net/ Bridges: Mixed Methods Network for Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences o http://www.fiu.edu/~bridges/ User-Friendly Handbook for Mixed Method Evaluations o http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/nsf97153/start.htm Introductory article on action research o http://www.infed.org/research/b-actres.htm Chapter 8 Online Resources for Protecting Human Participants in Research American Psychological Association (APA) provides resources through their Ethics Office, as well as through their research resources o www.apa.org/ethics o www.apa.org/research/responsible Resources are provided through the Office of Extramural Research (ORE) for the National Institutes for Health (NIH) and the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) o www.nih.gov/grants/policy/hs The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) through the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) provides a great deal of information: o www.hhs.gov/ohrp/ World Medical Association (WMA) provides policy resources and WMA Medical Ethics Manual. o www.wma.net/en/20activities/10ethics Online Resources for Conducting Research using Human Subjects from Two Sample Institutions: Institutional Review Board at Springfield College o www.spfldcol.edu/homepage/dept.nsf/gradstudies Human Studies Council at Central Connecticut State University o www.ccsu.edu/humanstudies Online Resource for General Requirements for Informed Consent Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP) provides specific information on the Regulations of Title 45, Part 46. (www.hhs.gov/ohrp) In Title 45, Part 46, section 46.116 is “General Requirements for Informed Consent.” (www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm) Sample Articles for Ethics MacQueen, K. M., & Buehler, J. W. (2004). Ethics, Practice, and Research in Public Health. American Journal of Public Health, 94(6), 928-931. Mastroianni, A. C., & Kahn, J. P. (2002). Risk and Responsibility: Ethics, Grimes v Kennedy Krieger, and Public Health Research Involving Children. American Journal of Public Health, 92(7), 1073–1076. Chapter 9 Free Random Numbers Table Generator Stat Trek's Random Number Generator o http://stattrek.com/Tables/Random.aspx GraphPad Software’s Random Number Generator o http://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/randomn1.cfm Research Radmonizer’s Random Number Generator o http://www.randomizer.org Chapter 10 Example of Validity and Reliability Studies Bart, O., Rosenberg, L., Ratzon, N., & Jarus, T. (2010). Development and initial validation of the Performance Skills Questionnaire (PSQ). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(1), 4656. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a performance skills questionnaire for 4 to 6 year olds. Both children without disabilities and with mild to moderate developmental disabilities were utilized. Construct validity and internal consistency were examined. The researchers used factor analysis to examine the initial factor structure of the questionnaire and a 3 factor structure was realized. Additionally using the known groups procedures to examine construct validity, significant difference were found with the two groups. Finally, two other scales were used to provide evidence of convergent and divergent validity. Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest procedures were used to provide evidence of reliability. Evidence of initial validity and reliability for the PSQ was supported. Framson, C., Kristal, A., Schenk, J., Littman, A., Zeliadt, S., & Benitez, D. (2009). Development and Validation of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(8), 1439-1444. This research examine the development of the mindful eating questionnaire in order to measure this construct. Mindful eating refers to the non awareness of physical and emotional issues surrounded by eating. First, in order to develop a pool of questions, an extensive review of literature was performed to determine the issues surrounding mindful eating. Questions were developed and a qualitative interviews were utilized to identify and clarify questions. Next, exploratory factor analysis was utilized to determine the factor structure of the questionnaire. A 28 item questionnaire was developed and was also examined with BMI and yoga practice. The relationship with yoga practice indicated that mindful eating may be a skill that can be learned. In addition, mindful eating was negatively related to BMI. Overall, these results find good support of the construct validity of the scale. John, H., Treharne, G., Hale, E., Panoulas, V., Carroll, D., & Kitas, G. (2009). Development and initial validation of a Heart Disease Knowledge Questionnaire for people with rheumatoid arthritis. Patient Education & Counseling, 77(1), 136-143. The researchers attempted to validate through parallel forms a heart disease knowledge questionnaire for rheumatoid arthritis patients. The researchers developed two forms for the knowledge test and tested for the consistency of the questionnaires using parallel forms reliability procedures. Using Kuder-Richardson -20 formula the coefficients for each parallel form was .65 and .67. Analyses revealed that there were no significant differences among scores for the two forms. Validity and reliability evidence was established for the two forms. Kipper, D., & Shemer, H. (2006). The Revised Spontaneity Assessment Inventory (SAI-R): Spontaneity, Well-Being, and Stress. Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama, & Sociometry, 59(3), 127-136. In this study, the researchers examined the construct validity and reliability of the SAI-R scale. The researchers utilized other inventories to examine the construct validity of the SAI-R scale including the Friedman Well Being Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale. In addition, Cronbach’s alpha was utilized to examine the internal consistency of the scale. The SAI-R was positively correlated with the FWB scale along with its subscales. Additionally, the SAI-R was negatively related to the PSS. These findings along with a Cronbach alpha of .79 supported the construct validity and internal consistency of the scale. Oppo, A., Mauri, M., Ramacciotti, D., Camilleri, V., Banti, S., Borri, C., et al. (2009). Risk factors for postpartum depression: The role of the Postpartum Depression Predictors InventoryRevised (PDPI-R). Archives of Women's Mental Health, 12(4), 239-249. Predictive validity procedures were utilized in this study to provide evidence of the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised (PDPI-R). In order to develop a prediction equation, women filled out the inventory during their third and eight months of pregnancy and then one month post partum. PDPI-R for both time points during pregnancy were strong predictors of PDPI-R one month post partum. Overall, the researcher recommended the PDPI-R as a good diagnostic to evaluate post partum depression. Tudor-Locke, C., Williams, J. E., Reis, J. P., & Pluto, D. (2004). Utility of Pedometers for Assessing Physical Activity. Sports Medicine, 34(5), 281-291. The study presents construct validity evidence for the use of pedometers in assessing physical activity. Using past studies that examined construct validity of pedometers, the researchers calculated median r values among the variables. Correlations among a walking test, timed treadmill test, and peak VO2 test were considered acceptable (0.69, 0.41, and 0.22 respectively). The researchers found support of construct validity to utilize pedometers as an inexpensive way to collect physical activity data. Woicik, P., Stewart, S., Pihl, R., & Conrod, P. (2009). The Substance Use Risk Profile Scale: A scale measuring traits linked to reinforcement-specific substance use profiles. Addictive Behaviors, 34(12), 1042-1055. This paper presents a series of studies that examines the psychometric proprieties of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS). The first study examined the concurrent and discriminant validity evidence of the SURPS. The second study examined the internal structure of the scale using confirmatory factor analysis. In the lat study, reliability issues were examined. Based on these three studies, validity and reliability were established for the four-factor structure. Chapter 11 Statistical Resources Balakrishnan, N., Read, C. B., Vidakovic, B., Kotz, S., & Johnson, N. L. (2009). Methods and applications of statistics in the life and health sciences. San Francisco: Wiley. Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2009). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Kuzma, J. W., & Bohnenblust, S. E. (2005). Basic statistics for the health sciences. New York: McGraw Hill. Salkind, N. J. (2008). Statistics for people who (think they) hate statistics. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishing. Urdan, T. C. (2010.) Statistics in plain English. New York: Routledge. Chapter 12 Excel and SPSS Resources Dodge, M., & Stinson, C. (2010). Microsoft Excel 2010 inside and out. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press. Berkman, E. T., & Reise, S. P. (2011). A conceptual guide to statistics using SPSS. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishing. Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing. Chapter 13 Qualitative Resources Flick, U. (2006). An introduction to qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Huberty, J . L., Ransdell, L. B., Sidman, C., Flohr, J. A., Shultz, B., Grosshans, O., & Durrant, L. (2008). Explaining long-term exercise adherence in women who complete a structured exercise program. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(3), 374384. Jones, D. B., Richeson, N. E., Croteau, K. A., & Farmer, B. C. (2009). Focus groups to explore the perceptions of older adults on a pedometer-based intervention. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(4), 710-717. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2006). Designing qualitative research (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Norman, C., Bender, J., Macdonal, J., Dunn, M, Dunne, S, Siu, B., Hitzig, S. L., Jadad, A. R., & Hunter, J. (2010). Questions that individuals with spinal cord injury have regarding their chronic pain: A qualitative study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 32(2), 114-124. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Creswell, J. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research designs; Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Holliday, A. (2002). Doing and writing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Morse, J. M., & Field, P. A. (1995). Qualitative research methods for health professionals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Wolcott, H. F. (2001). Writing up qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing. Online Qualitative Resources The Qualitative Report: An online journal dedicated to qualitative research since 1990 o http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/qualres.html Qual Report – Resources for Qualitative Research o http://www.qualitativeresearch.uga.edu/QualPage/ Qualitative Software Resources NVIVO o http://www.qsrinternational.com/ Ethnograph Software o http://www.qualisresearch.com/ Chapter 14 Resources for Writing Up Your Research Study American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Lunenburg, F. C., & Irby, B. J. (2008). Writing a successful thesis or dissertation: Tips and strategies for students in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. American Medical Association (2007). AMA manual of style: A guide for authors and editors (10th ed.). New York: Oxford Press. Chapter 15 Online Resources for Poster Presentation Templates Scientific Poster PowerPoint Templates o http://www.makesigns.com/SciPosters_Templates.aspx Stanford School of Medicine: Scientific Posters: Tips, Significance, Design, Templates and Presentation o http://ppop.stanford.edu/posters.html Penn State University: Design of Scientific Posters o http://www.writing.engr.psu.edu/posters.html